亚当·斯密
道德产生于我们与他人感同身受的能力，而在自由市场中，人们追求自己的利益，往往在无意之中促进了社会的福祉。
定位
道德哲学家，常被称为现代经济学的奠基人：同情是道德的基础，市场有一只“看不见的手”。
核心思想
- 看不见的手
- 劳动分工
- 公正的旁观者
老师: 弗朗西斯·哈奇森
学生: 约翰·米勒
影响
受影响于 4
亚里士多德
受其影响
Smith ranked Aristotle’s virtue as a mean among the systems of propriety, saying it agrees ‘pretty exactly’ with his own account (The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759). A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759; 6th ed. 1790), part VII, sect. ii, ch. 1
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
胡果·格劳秀斯
受其影响
Ending The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Smith credited Grotius with the first attempt at a system of natural jurisprudence, which his own lectures took up. A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Part VII; Lectures on Jurisprudence, ed. R. L. Meek et al. (1978)
依据: AI 草稿
胡果·格劳秀斯 › 1583–1645
弗朗西斯·哈奇森 师从
师从
Smith studied at Glasgow from 1737 to 1740 and attended Hutcheson’s lectures on moral philosophy; in 1787 he still spoke of ‘the never to be forgotten Dr Hutcheson’. A. Smith to A. Davidson, 16 Nov. 1787, in Correspondence of Adam Smith (Glasgow ed.); I. S. Ross, The Life of Adam Smith (1995)
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗西斯·哈奇森 › 1694–1746
大卫·休谟
受其影响
Smith developed Hume’s account of sympathy into the theory of moral judgement of The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), denying that utility is the first source of approval. A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Part IV; D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776
影响了 7
伊曼努尔·康德
影响了
Marcus Herz called Smith Kant’s ‘favourite’ (letter of 1771); S. Fleischacker traces echoes of the Theory of Moral Sentiments in Kant’s moral philosophy. M. Herz to I. Kant, 9 July 1771; S. Fleischacker, “Philosophy in Moral Practice: Kant and Adam Smith”, Kant-Studien (1991)
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
约翰·米勒 教过
教过
Millar attended Smith’s lectures at Glasgow in the 1750s, became Professor of Civil Law there in 1761 and carried Smith’s historical account of society forward in his Observations concerning the Distinction of Ranks in Society (1771). J. Craig, “Account of the Life and Writings of John Millar”, in J. Millar, The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks (4th ed., 1806)
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·米勒 › 1735–1801
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
影响了
Hegel cited Smith’s pin factory on the division of labour in his Jena lectures (1803–04) and named Smith among the political economists in the Philosophy of Right (1820). G. W. F. Hegel, Jenaer Systementwürfe I (1803–04); Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1820); N. Waszek, The Scottish Enlightenment and Hegel’s Account of ‘Civil Society’ (1988)
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
哈丽雅特·马蒂诺
影响了
In Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34) Martineau turned the doctrines of Smith, Malthus and Ricardo into monthly stories, popularising the division of labour and free trade. H. Martineau, Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”
依据: AI 草稿
哈丽雅特·马蒂诺 › 1802–1876
严复
影响了
Yan Fu translated The Wealth of Nations as Yuanfu (1901–02) and argued in his commentary that freeing individual economic energies would strengthen the state. Yan Fu, Yuanfu (1901–02); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (1964)
依据: AI 草稿
严复 › 1854–1921
爱德华·韦斯特马克
影响了
Westermarck drew on Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments for the disinterestedness and apparent impartiality that make retributive emotions moral (Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, 1906–08). E. Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (1906–08); O. Pipatti, Morality Made Visible: Edward Westermarck’s Moral and Social Theory (2019); SEP “Adam Smith’s Moral and Political Philosophy”
依据: AI 草稿
爱德华·韦斯特马克 › 1862–1939
阿马蒂亚·森
影响了
Sen took up Smith’s impartial spectator for an ‘open impartiality’ that hears voices from afar, against Rawls’s closed contract (The Idea of Justice, 2009). A. Sen, The Idea of Justice (2009); introduction to A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (2009)
依据: AI 草稿
阿马蒂亚·森 › 1933年生
批评
受批评于 4
亚当·弗格森
受其批评
Ferguson disputed Smith’s preference for a standing army over a citizen militia (letter of 1776) and, in a manuscript dialogue, his grounding of moral approval in sympathy. Ferguson to Smith, 1776, in The Correspondence of Adam Smith (Glasgow Edition, 1977); A. Ferguson, “Of the Principle of Moral Estimation”, ed. E. C. Mossner, Journal of the History of Ideas 21 (1960)
依据: AI 草稿
亚当·弗格森 › 1723–1816
索菲·德·格鲁希 影响了
影响了
Grouchy translated Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments into French (1798), and her appended Letters on Sympathy accept his thesis that morality rests on sympathy. S. de Grouchy, tr., Théorie des sentiments moraux (1798), with Lettres sur la sympathie; ed. K. Brown, tr. J. E. McClellan III, Letters on Sympathy (2008)
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Grouchy’s Letters on Sympathy (1798), appended to her translation of Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, faulted Smith for not tracing sympathy to physical sensibility. S. de Grouchy, Lettres sur la sympathie (1798), Letter I; ed. K. Brown, tr. J. E. McClellan III, Letters on Sympathy (2008)
依据: AI 草稿
索菲·德·格鲁希 › 1764–1822
卡尔·马克思 影响了
影响了
Marx worked through Smith on wages, profit and rent in the Paris Manuscripts (written 1844) and later built on his labour theory of value in Capital (1867). K. Marx, Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte (written 1844, printed 1932); Das Kapital I (1867); SEP “Karl Marx”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
受其批评
Marx credited Smith’s labour theory of value but criticised his ‘dogma’ that commodity prices resolve into wages, profit and rent, ignoring constant capital (Capital II, 1885, ch. 19). K. Marx, Das Kapital II (ed. Engels, 1885), ch. 19; Theorien über den Mehrwert I (1862–63), ch. 3
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
弗里德里希·恩格斯
受其批评
Engels called Smith the ‘economic Luther’ whose liberal economics replaced open mercantilist greed with hypocrisy, leaving private property unquestioned (Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy, 1844). F. Engels, “Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie”, Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher (1844)
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·恩格斯 › 1820–1895
批评了 1
伯纳德·曼德维尔
批评了
Smith called Mandeville’s system ‘wholly pernicious’: it treats every passion as vice and confuses the love of true praiseworthiness with vanity (Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759, VII.ii.4). A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), VII.ii.4 (“Of licentious systems”)
依据: AI 草稿
伯纳德·曼德维尔 › 1670–1733
作品
立场
Smith’s first great book explains morality through sympathy: we put ourselves in others’ place and judge our own conduct through the eyes of an “impartial spectator” within us. The Wealth of Nations then examines how prosperity arises. The division of labour multiplies productivity, and in free markets individuals pursuing their own interest are led, as if by an “invisible hand”, to promote the common good. Yet Smith warned of monopolies, collusion among merchants and the stultifying effects of monotonous work, and assigned the state essential tasks. The two works belong together: commercial society rests on moral sentiments. He is regarded as the founder of modern economics.
生平与背景
Born in 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, Adam Smith studied in Glasgow under Francis Hutcheson and at Oxford. As professor of moral philosophy in Glasgow he became a leading figure of the Scottish Enlightenment and a close friend of Hume. Travelling in France as a tutor, he met the physiocrats. He later served as a customs commissioner in Edinburgh and died there in 1790.
其他主要作品
- The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)
- An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)
- Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795)
出现在
- 旅程 ‘社会学如何从哲学中产生’ · 第 6 站，共 12 站
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