阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦
空间和时间不是固定而绝对的，而是取决于观察者的运动——而物理学必须符合经验，而不是直觉。
定位
相对论：启发了从维也纳学派到波普尔的科学哲学。
核心思想
- 相对论
影响
受影响于 5
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎
受其影响 ✓
Einstein said he believed in ‘Spinoza’s God, who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists’, not in a God concerned with human fates and actions (1929). A. Einstein, cable to Rabbi H. Goldstein (24 Apr. 1929); “Religion und Wissenschaft” (1930); M. Jammer, Einstein and Religion (1999)
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 › 1632–1677
艾萨克·牛顿
受其影响 ✓
Einstein kept Newton’s mechanics as a limiting case while replacing absolute space and time with relativistic spacetime and gravitation with curvature (‘Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie’, 1916). A. Einstein, “Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Annalen der Physik 49 (1916); “Autobiographical Notes” (1949); SEP “Einstein’s Philosophy of Science”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
艾萨克·牛顿 › 1643–1727
大卫·休谟
受其影响 ✓
Einstein said that reading Hume’s critique of concepts, with Mach, helped him question absolute simultaneity in special relativity (letter to Schlick, 1915; Autobiographical Notes, 1949). A. Einstein, “Autobiographical Notes”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (1949); Einstein to M. Schlick, 14 Dec. 1915; SEP “Einstein’s Philosophy of Science”
大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776
伊曼努尔·康德
受其影响
Einstein, who read Kant as a schoolboy, held that physical concepts are free creations, not abstracted from experience, but rejected their a priori status (‘Reply to Criticisms’, 1949). A. Einstein, “Reply to Criticisms”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (1949); “Geometrie und Erfahrung” (1921); SEP “Einstein’s Philosophy of Science”
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
恩斯特·马赫
受其影响 ✓
Einstein took from Mach’s critique of absolute space the idea that inertia depends on distant masses, which he named ‘Mach’s principle’ (‘Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie’, 1918). A. Einstein, “Ernst Mach”, Physikalische Zeitschrift 17 (1916); “Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Annalen der Physik 55 (1918); E. Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung (1883); SEP “Ernst Mach”
恩斯特·马赫 › 1838–1916
影响了 6
恩斯特·卡西尔
影响了
Cassirer interpreted Einstein’s relativity as confirming the critical idea that physical objectivity rests on invariant relations, not substances; Einstein read the manuscript (Zur Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie, 1921). E. Cassirer, Zur Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie. Erkenntnistheoretische Betrachtungen (1921); T. Ryckman, The Reign of Relativity (2005); SEP “Ernst Cassirer”
依据: AI 草稿
恩斯特·卡西尔 › 1874–1945
莫里茨·石里克
影响了
Schlick gave an early philosophical account of relativity, welcomed by Einstein (Raum und Zeit in der gegenwärtigen Physik, 1917), and built his theory of knowledge on it (1918). M. Schlick, Raum und Zeit in der gegenwärtigen Physik (1917); Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre (1918); SEP “Moritz Schlick”
依据: AI 草稿
莫里茨·石里克 › 1882–1936
加斯东·巴什拉
影响了 ✓
Bachelard read Einstein’s relativity as a break with Newtonian concepts that calls for a ‘non-Cartesian’ epistemology (La Valeur inductive de la relativité, 1929; Le Nouvel Esprit scientifique, 1934). G. Bachelard, La Valeur inductive de la relativité (1929); Le Nouvel Esprit scientifique (1934); M. Tiles, Bachelard: Science and Objectivity (1984)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
加斯东·巴什拉 › 1884–1962
汉斯·赖欣巴哈
影响了
Reichenbach, who heard Einstein’s Berlin lectures on relativity, recast Kant’s a priori as revisable coordinating principles (1920) and analysed distant simultaneity as a matter of definition (1928). H. Reichenbach, Relativitätstheorie und Erkenntnis apriori (1920); Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre (1928); SEP “Hans Reichenbach”
依据: AI 草稿
汉斯·赖欣巴哈 › 1891–1953
卡尔·波普尔
影响了 ✓
Popper drew his falsifiability criterion from Einstein’s risky prediction of light deflection, tested in 1919, in contrast to Marx, Freud and Adler (Conjectures and Refutations, 1963). K. R. Popper, “Science: Conjectures and Refutations” (lecture 1953), in Conjectures and Refutations (1963); Unended Quest (1976); SEP “Karl Popper”
卡尔·波普尔 › 1902–1994
库尔特·哥德尔
影响了
For Einstein’s seventieth birthday Gödel found rotating-universe solutions of his field equations and argued that relativity supports an idealistic view of time (1949). K. Gödel, “An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solutions of Einstein’s Field Equations of Gravitation”, Reviews of Modern Physics 21 (1949); “A Remark about the Relationship between Relativity Theory and Idealistic Philosophy”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (1949); SEP “Kurt Gödel”
依据: AI 草稿
库尔特·哥德尔 › 1906–1978
作品
- 1905论动体的电动力学
狭义相对论。
立场
Einstein’s theories of relativity overturned the Newtonian picture of absolute space and time: simultaneity depends on the observer, and gravity is the curvature of spacetime. This had deep philosophical consequences. The logical empiricists of the Vienna Circle and Reichenbach saw in it proof that concepts must be tied to measurement, while Popper admired how Einstein’s theory risked refutation by precise predictions. Einstein himself remained a realist who believed in a lawful, comprehensible universe and doubted that quantum mechanics was complete. He spoke of a religious feeling in the face of the order of nature, close to Spinoza’s God.
生平与背景
Born in Ulm in 1879, Einstein studied in Zurich and worked at the patent office in Bern, where in 1905 he published papers on light, molecular motion and special relativity. He completed general relativity in Berlin in 1915 and received the Nobel Prize in 1921. As a Jew and pacifist he left Germany in 1933 and worked in Princeton until his death in 1955.
其他主要作品
- On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies (1905)
- The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity (1916)
- Relativity: The Special and the General Theory (1917)
- Why War? (1933, with Sigmund Freud)
出现在
截至 2026年11月 · 来源 · 改进本页 · Agora 是如何制作的