约翰·罗尔斯
正义就是我们在不知道自己在社会中的位置时会同意的东西——只有当不平等有助于最不利者时，它才是公平的。
定位
作为公平的正义：我们在无知之幕后会选择的原则。
核心思想
- 无知之幕
- 差别原则
- 反思的平衡
学生: 托马斯·内格尔, 伊凡约·门基蒂, 奥诺拉·奥尼尔, 克里斯蒂娜·科尔斯戈德, 伊丽莎白·安德森
影响
受影响于 7
约翰·洛克
受其影响 ✓
Rawls sought to carry the social contract of Locke, Rousseau and Kant ‘to a higher level of abstraction’ in the original position (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, ed. S. Freeman (2007)
约翰·洛克 › 1632–1704
大卫·休谟
受其影响
Rawls took the circumstances of justice – moderate scarcity and limited altruism – from Hume as the conditions under which justice is needed (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature III (1740); An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751)
依据: AI 草稿
大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776
让-雅克·卢梭
受其影响
Rawls placed justice as fairness in Rousseau’s contract tradition and read the general will as citizens’ shared reasoning about the common good (lectures, publ. 2007). J. Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, ed. S. Freeman (2007); A Theory of Justice (1971); SEP “John Rawls”
依据: AI 草稿
让-雅克·卢梭 › 1712–1778
伊曼努尔·康德
受其影响 ✓
Rawls read the original position of justice as fairness as a procedural expression of Kant’s autonomy (A Theory of Justice, 1971; ‘Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory’, 1980). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); “Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory”, Journal of Philosophy 77 (1980); SEP “John Rawls”
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
卡尔·马克思
受其影响
Rawls took up Marx’s objection that liberal rights are merely formal, answering with the fair value of political liberties and property-owning democracy (Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, 2001). J. Rawls, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (2001), § 52; Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy (2007), lectures on Marx
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
以赛亚·伯林
受其影响
Rawls attended Berlin’s seminars in Oxford (1952–53) and later adopted his view that no social world can realise all values without loss (Political Liberalism, 1993). J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993); I. Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958); T. Pogge, John Rawls: His Life and Theory of Justice (2007)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
以赛亚·伯林 › 1909–1997
马丁·路德·金
受其影响
Rawls held that King’s religiously grounded appeals accorded with public reason because they supported constitutional values (‘The Idea of Public Reason Revisited’, 1997). J. Rawls, “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited”, University of Chicago Law Review 64 (1997); Political Liberalism (1993)
依据: AI 草稿
马丁·路德·金 › 1929–1968
影响了 5
伊凡约·门基蒂 教过
教过
Menkiti studied with Rawls at Harvard, who supervised his dissertation (PhD 1974), a study of collective responsibility. Wellesley College, obituary of I. A. Menkiti (2019)
依据: AI 草稿
伊凡约·门基蒂 › 1940–2019
克里斯蒂娜·科尔斯戈德 教过
教过
Korsgaard took her PhD at Harvard in 1981 under Rawls with The Standpoint of Practical Reason (printed 1990). C. M. Korsgaard, The Standpoint of Practical Reason (diss. Harvard 1981; printed 1990); Mathematics Genealogy Project, entry J. Rawls
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
克里斯蒂娜·科尔斯戈德 › 1952年生
伊丽莎白·安德森 教过
教过
Anderson took her PhD at Harvard in 1987 under Rawls with a dissertation on value in ethics and in economics, which became Value in Ethics and Economics (1993). Mathematics Genealogy Project, entry E. S. Anderson (Harvard 1987); E. Anderson, Value in Ethics and Economics (1993)
依据: AI 草稿
伊丽莎白·安德森 › 1959年生
赖纳·福斯特
影响了
Forst, who worked with Rawls at Harvard, drew on Rawls’s political liberalism in his reconstruction of the debate between liberals and communitarians (Kontexte der Gerechtigkeit, 1994). R. Forst, Kontexte der Gerechtigkeit. Politische Philosophie jenseits von Liberalismus und Kommunitarismus (1994); J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993)
依据: AI 草稿
赖纳·福斯特 › 1964年生
批评
相互批评 1
尤尔根·哈贝马斯 ⇄ 相互
批评了
Replying to Habermas, Rawls argued that his own liberalism is freestanding and political, whereas Habermas’s discourse theory is a comprehensive doctrine (‘Political Liberalism: Reply to Habermas’, 1995). J. Rawls, “Political Liberalism: Reply to Habermas”, Journal of Philosophy 92 (1995), 132–180; J. Habermas, “Reconciliation through the Public Use of Reason”, ibid., 109–131
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Habermas questioned whether Rawls’s original position and overlapping consensus can secure the validity, not merely acceptance, of principles of justice (‘Reconciliation through the Public Use of Reason’, 1995). J. Habermas, “Reconciliation through the Public Use of Reason: Remarks on John Rawls’s Political Liberalism”, Journal of Philosophy 92 (1995); J. Rawls, “Reply to Habermas”, ibid.
依据: AI 草稿
尤尔根·哈贝马斯 › 1929–2026
受批评于 8
阿拉斯戴尔·麦金泰尔
受其批评
MacIntyre objected that Rawls treats individuals as prior to community and excludes desert, which only a shared conception of the good could ground (After Virtue, 1981, ch. 17). A. MacIntyre, After Virtue (1981), ch. 17
依据: AI 草稿
阿拉斯戴尔·麦金泰尔 › 1929–2025
阿马蒂亚·森 影响了
影响了
Sen dedicated The Idea of Justice (2009) to Rawls’s memory and kept his demand for impartial public reasoning, while shifting from ideal institutions to comparisons of real lives. A. Sen, The Idea of Justice (2009); J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
受其批评
Sen objected that Rawls’s primary goods ignore how people differ in converting resources into capabilities (‘Equality of What?’, 1979; The Idea of Justice, 2009). A. Sen, “Equality of What?”, Tanner Lecture (1979); The Idea of Justice (2009)
依据: AI 草稿
阿马蒂亚·森 › 1933年生
罗伯特·诺齐克
受其批评
Nozick objected that Rawls’s patterned principles can be upheld only by continual interference with free transactions, as the Wilt Chamberlain case shows (Anarchy, State, and Utopia, 1974). R. Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), ch. 7
依据: AI 草稿
罗伯特·诺齐克 › 1938–2002
奥诺拉·奥尼尔 教过
教过
O’Neill took her PhD at Harvard in 1969 under Rawls with a dissertation on Kant’s ethics, printed under the name Onora Nell as Acting on Principle (1975). O. Nell (O’Neill), Acting on Principle: An Essay on Kantian Ethics (1975); Mathematics Genealogy Project, entry J. Rawls
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
O’Neill criticised Rawls for restricting justice to a single bounded society and for idealising assumptions that abstract from real agents’ vulnerability (Towards Justice and Virtue, 1996). O. O’Neill, Towards Justice and Virtue (1996); Bounds of Justice (2000)
依据: AI 草稿
奥诺拉·奥尼尔 › 1941年生
玛莎·努斯鲍姆 影响了
影响了
Nussbaum adopted Rawls’s political liberalism, presenting her list of central capabilities as the possible object of an overlapping consensus (Women and Human Development, 2000). M. C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (2000); J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
受其批评
Nussbaum argued that Rawls’s social contract cannot do justice to people with disabilities, citizens of other nations or animals, and proposed capabilities instead (Frontiers of Justice, 2006). M. C. Nussbaum, Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (2006)
依据: AI 草稿
玛莎·努斯鲍姆 › 1947年生
艾丽斯·玛丽昂·扬
受其批评
Young argued that the ‘distributive paradigm’ dominant since Rawls misses institutional structures of oppression and domination (Justice and the Politics of Difference, 1990, ch. 1). I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990), ch. 1
依据: AI 草稿
艾丽斯·玛丽昂·扬 › 1949–2006
显示全部 (8)收起
查尔斯·W. 米尔斯
受其批评
Mills objected that Rawls’s ideal theory, assuming a well-ordered society, has little to say about racial injustice and its correction (Black Rights/White Wrongs, 2017). C. W. Mills, “‘Ideal Theory’ as Ideology”, Hypatia 20 (2005); “Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls”, Southern Journal of Philosophy 47 (2009); Black Rights/White Wrongs (2017)
依据: AI 草稿
查尔斯·W. 米尔斯 › 1951–2021
迈克尔·桑德尔
受其批评
Sandel argued that Rawls presupposes an ‘unencumbered self’ choosing its ends prior to attachments, which cannot account for community (Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, 1982). M. J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982; 2nd ed. 1998)
依据: AI 草稿
迈克尔·桑德尔 › 1953年生
批评了 3
杰里米·边沁
批评了
Rawls objected that Bentham’s classical utilitarianism applies one person’s principle of choice to society and ‘does not take seriously the distinction between persons’ (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), §§ 5–6, 30
依据: AI 草稿
杰里米·边沁 › 1748–1832
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔
批评了
Rawls objected that Mill’s utilitarian defence of liberty makes liberties hostage to uncertain calculations; justice as fairness gives them priority (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), § 33; Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy (2007), lectures on Mill
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 › 1806–1873
亨利·西季威克 受其影响
受其影响
Rawls modelled his comparison of moral conceptions on Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics (A Theory of Justice, 1971) and wrote a foreword to its 1981 reissue. J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); foreword to H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (1981)
依据: AI 草稿
批评了
Rawls took Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics as the classic statement of utilitarianism, whose impartial sympathetic spectator merges all persons into one (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), §§ 5, 30; foreword to H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (1981)
依据: AI 草稿
亨利·西季威克 › 1838–1900
作品
立场
Rawls is widely credited with reviving political philosophy in the English-speaking world; he offered an alternative to utilitarianism, which in his view can sacrifice the individual to the greatest sum of welfare. Just principles, he argued, are those that free and equal persons would choose in an “original position” behind a “veil of ignorance” – not knowing their class, talents or conception of the good. They would choose, first, equal basic liberties for all; second, that social and economic inequalities are acceptable only if they are attached to positions open to all under fair equality of opportunity and if they benefit the least advantaged (the “difference principle”). The first principle takes priority over the second, and fair equality of opportunity over the difference principle. Rawls called this “justice as fairness.” In Political Liberalism he asked how a society deeply divided by religion and world views can be stable through an “overlapping consensus.”
生平与背景
Rawls was born in Baltimore in 1921, studied at Princeton and served as an infantryman in the Pacific during the Second World War, an experience that led him to abandon his Christian faith. After a year at Oxford he taught at Cornell and MIT and from 1962 at Harvard. He worked for nearly two decades on his main work, published in 1971.
其他主要作品
- A Theory of Justice (1971)
- Political Liberalism (1993)
- The Law of Peoples (1999)
- Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (2001)
出现在
- 旅程 ‘什么是正义？’ · 第 7 站，共 10 站
- 争论 ‘正义与平等’
- 争论 ‘我们配得上自己的成功吗？精英统治’
- 争论 ‘死亡的权利？协助死亡’
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