伯特兰·罗素
数学可以从逻辑推导出来，而一旦我们分析隐藏在日常语句之下的逻辑形式，哲学上的混乱就会消解。
定位
逻辑主义、摹状词理论与逻辑原子论——也是一位好斗的公共启蒙者，反对第一次世界大战，后来又反对核武器。
核心思想
- 罗素悖论
- 摹状词理论
- 逻辑原子论
老师: 阿尔弗雷德·诺思·怀特海
学生: 路德维希·维特根斯坦
影响
受影响于 10
柏拉图
受其影响
Russell defended universals that subsist independently of minds, calling Plato’s theory of ideas one of the most successful attempts at the problem (The Problems of Philosophy, 1912). B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (1912), ch. 9 (“The World of Universals”)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
柏拉图 › 公元前428—前348年
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨
受其影响 ✓
Russell argued that Leibniz’s metaphysics follows from a few logical premises, above all the subject–predicate doctrine of propositions (A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, 1900). B. Russell, A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz (1900); SEP “Bertrand Russell”; SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
大卫·休谟
受其影响 ✓
Russell restated Hume’s problem of induction, holding that the inductive principle can be neither proved nor disproved by experience (The Problems of Philosophy, 1912). B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (1912), “On Induction”; A History of Western Philosophy (1945); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔
受其影响 ✓
Russell, Mill’s lay godson, gave up the first-cause argument on reading Mill’s Autobiography, as he recalled in 1927, and honoured him in a British Academy lecture (1955). B. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian” (1927); “John Stuart Mill”, Proceedings of the British Academy 41 (1955); J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 › 1806–1873
格奥尔格·康托尔
受其影响 ✓
Russell read Cantor intensively in his youth, and his paradox arose from a study of Cantor’s theorem. SEP “Bertrand Russell” (A. D. Irvine), on the Autobiography; SEP “The Early Development of Set Theory” (J. Ferreirós)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
格奥尔格·康托尔 › 1845–1918
G. E. 摩尔
受其影响 ✓
Russell followed Moore’s revolt against idealism, adopting his realism of propositions and concepts (‘The Nature of Judgment’, 1899), as the preface to The Principles of Mathematics (1903) acknowledges. G. E. Moore, “The Nature of Judgment”, Mind 8 (1899); B. Russell, The Principles of Mathematics (1903), preface; My Philosophical Development (1959); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
G. E. 摩尔 › 1873–1958
显示全部 (10)收起
老子
受其影响
In The Problem of China (1922) Russell took Laozi’s “production without possession, action without self-assertion, development without domination” as the Chinese conception of the ends of life, set against Western possession, self-assertion and domination. B. Russell, The Problem of China (1922), ch. XI “Chinese and Western Civilization Contrasted”
依据: AI 草稿
老子 › 传说人物
鲁道夫·赫尔曼·陆宰
受其影响
Early Russell, like early Moore, was shaped by British idealists who had taken over Lotze’s logic and metaphysics. SEP “Hermann Lotze” (D. Sullivan), §2
依据: AI 草稿
鲁道夫·赫尔曼·陆宰 › 1817–1881
阿尔弗雷德·诺思·怀特海 师从
师从 ✓
Whitehead examined Russell for his entrance scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1890 and taught him there; the former pupil became his co-author of Principia Mathematica (1910–13). B. Russell, Autobiography I (1967), ch. 3
依据: AI 草稿
阿尔弗雷德·诺思·怀特海 › 1861–1947
影响了 7
苏珊·斯泰宾
影响了
Stebbing presented the logic of Principia Mathematica and Russell’s theory of descriptions in A Modern Introduction to Logic (1930), treating Russell as a reference point of Cambridge analysis. L. S. Stebbing, A Modern Introduction to Logic (1930); SEP “Susan Stebbing”
依据: AI 草稿
苏珊·斯泰宾 › 1885–1943
斯坦尼斯瓦夫·莱斯涅夫斯基
影响了
Leśniewski traced Russell’s paradox to a confusion of distributive and collective classes and built mereology, a theory of collective classes, in response (Podstawy ogólnej teoryi mnogości, 1916). S. Leśniewski, Podstawy ogólnej teoryi mnogości I (1916); SEP “Stanisław Leśniewski”; SEP “Mereology”
依据: AI 草稿
斯坦尼斯瓦夫·莱斯涅夫斯基 › 1886–1939
鲁道夫·卡尔纳普
影响了
Carnap set Russell’s maxim to replace inferred entities by logical constructions as motto of the Aufbau (1928); reading Our Knowledge of the External World (1914) had launched it. R. Carnap, Der logische Aufbau der Welt (1928); “Intellectual Autobiography”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap (1963); B. Russell, Our Knowledge of the External World (1914); SEP “Rudolf Carnap”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
鲁道夫·卡尔纳普 › 1891–1970
W. V. O. 奎因
影响了
Quine generalised Principia Mathematica in his dissertation (1932) and used Russell’s theory of descriptions to dissolve the riddle of non-being (‘On What There Is’, 1948). W. V. Quine, The Logic of Sequences: A Generalization of Principia Mathematica (dissertation 1932; publ. 1990); “On What There Is”, Review of Metaphysics 2 (1948); SEP “Willard Van Orman Quine”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
W. V. O. 奎因 › 1908–2000
A. J. 艾耶尔
影响了 ✓
Ayer named Russell, with Wittgenstein, as source of Language, Truth and Logic (1936) and used his method of logical construction to reduce material things to sense-contents. A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936), preface; Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage (1971); SEP “Alfred Jules Ayer”
A. J. 艾耶尔 › 1910–1989
艾伦·图灵
影响了
Turing studied Russell’s Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy in 1933, according to Hodges, and later adapted Russell’s theory of types (‘Practical Forms of Type Theory’, 1948). A. Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma (1983); A. M. Turing, “Practical Forms of Type Theory”, Journal of Symbolic Logic 13 (1948); B. Russell, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (1919)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
艾伦·图灵 › 1912–1954
大卫·查尔默斯
影响了 ✓
Chalmers took up Russell’s view that physics reveals only structure, leaving intrinsic natures that may ground consciousness, as ‘Russellian monism’ (‘Consciousness and its Place in Nature’, 2002). D. J. Chalmers, “Consciousness and its Place in Nature” (2002); “Panpsychism and Panprotopsychism”, Amherst Lecture in Philosophy 8 (2013); B. Russell, The Analysis of Matter (1927); SEP “Russellian Monism”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
大卫·查尔默斯 › 1966年生
批评
受批评于 6
萨瓦帕利·拉达克里希南
受其批评
A chapter of The Reign of Religion (1920) examines Russell’s new realism – not, Radhakrishnan conceded, shaped by religious bias – and concludes that it is satisfactory only where it departs from its pluralism and “makes friends with absolutism”. S. Radhakrishnan, The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy (1920), ch. XI “The New Realism of Mr. Bertrand Russell”
依据: AI 草稿
萨瓦帕利·拉达克里希南 › 1888–1975
路德维希·维特根斯坦 教过受其影响
教过 ✓
Wittgenstein came to Cambridge in October 1911 to study logic with Russell and in 1912 was admitted to Trinity College as his student; his Notes on Logic (1913) were written for Russell. R. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (1990); B. McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life. Young Ludwig (1988)
依据: AI 草稿
受其影响 ✓
Russell said his lectures on logical atomism were largely concerned with explaining ideas he had learnt from his former pupil Wittgenstein (The Philosophy of Logical Atomism, 1918). B. Russell, “The Philosophy of Logical Atomism” (lectures 1918; The Monist 1918–19), preliminary note
受其批评
Wittgenstein objected that Russell’s multiple-relation theory of judgement allows nonsense to be judged (1913), and later rejected his theory of types as superfluous (Tractatus, 1921, 3.331–3.333, 5.5422). L. Wittgenstein to B. Russell, June 1913; Notes on Logic (1913); Tractatus logico-philosophicus (1921), 3.331–3.333, 5.5422
依据: AI 草稿
路德维希·维特根斯坦 › 1889–1951
库尔特·哥德尔 影响了
影响了
Gödel took Principia Mathematica as the formal system of his incompleteness theorems (1931) and welcomed Russell’s early realism about classes and concepts (‘Russell’s Mathematical Logic’, 1944). K. Gödel, “Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I”, Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 38 (1931); “Russell’s Mathematical Logic”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell (1944); SEP “Kurt Gödel”
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Gödel criticised Russell’s vicious-circle principle and no-class theory as too restrictive for classical mathematics, defending classes and concepts as real objects (‘Russell’s Mathematical Logic’, 1944). K. Gödel, “Russell’s Mathematical Logic”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell (1944), 123–153
依据: AI 草稿
库尔特·哥德尔 › 1906–1978
威尔弗里德·塞拉斯
受其批评
Sellars argued that Russell’s acquaintance either involves concepts or is not knowledge (‘Acquaintance and Description Again’, 1949), later calling such views the ‘Myth of the Given’ (1956). W. Sellars, “Acquaintance and Description Again”, Journal of Philosophy 46 (1949); “Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind” (1956); B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (1912), ch. 5
依据: AI 草稿
威尔弗里德·塞拉斯 › 1912–1989
P. F. 斯特劳森
受其批评
Strawson objected that Russell’s theory of descriptions confuses sentences with uses: ‘The King of France is bald’ presupposes, not asserts, that a king exists (‘On Referring’, 1950). P. F. Strawson, “On Referring”, Mind 59 (1950), 320–344; Russell’s reply: “Mr. Strawson on Referring”, Mind 66 (1957)
依据: AI 草稿
P. F. 斯特劳森 › 1919–2006
索尔·克里普克
受其批评
Kripke rejected Russell’s view that ordinary names are disguised descriptions: ‘Aristotle’ names Aristotle even in worlds where he did nothing we describe him by (Naming and Necessity, 1972/1980). S. Kripke, Naming and Necessity (1972; 1980), Lectures I–II; B. Russell, “Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description” (1911)
依据: AI 草稿
索尔·克里普克 › 1940–2022
批评了 6
孔子
批评了
In the same book Russell confessed himself “unable to appreciate the merits of Confucius”, whose writings he found largely occupied with trivial points of etiquette, while granting that Confucian ethics had produced no priesthood and no persecution. B. Russell, The Problem of China (1922), ch. XI
依据: AI 草稿
孔子 › 相传 公元前551—前479年
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
批评了
Russell rejected Hegel’s doctrine that only the whole is real: if all relations were internal, nothing could be known without knowing everything (History of Western Philosophy, 1945). B. Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (1945), ch. 22; Our Knowledge of the External World (1914), Lecture II
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
威廉·詹姆斯
批评了
Russell objected that James’s pragmatist theory confuses a criterion of truth with its meaning: ‘true’ cannot mean ‘useful to believe’ (‘William James’s Conception of Truth’, 1908). B. Russell, “William James’s Conception of Truth” (1908), in Philosophical Essays (1910); W. James, Pragmatism (1907), Lecture VI
依据: AI 草稿
威廉·詹姆斯 › 1842–1910
戈特洛布·弗雷格 受其影响
受其影响 ✓
Russell recognised Frege’s logicism as close to his own, expounded it in an appendix to The Principles of Mathematics (1903) and continued it in Principia Mathematica (1910–13). B. Russell, The Principles of Mathematics (1903), appendix A; A. N. Whitehead and B. Russell, Principia Mathematica (1910–13); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
批评了
In a letter of 16 June 1902 Russell showed that Frege’s Basic Law V yields a contradiction; ‘On Denoting’ (1905) rejected Frege’s distinction of sense and reference. B. Russell to G. Frege, 16 June 1902, in J. van Heijenoort (ed.), From Frege to Gödel (1967); “On Denoting”, Mind 14 (1905); G. Frege, Grundgesetze der Arithmetik II (1903), appendix
依据: AI 草稿
戈特洛布·弗雷格 › 1848–1925
阿列克修斯·迈农
批评了
Russell objected that Meinong’s non-existent objects, such as the round square, infringe the law of contradiction, and analysed them away with his theory of descriptions (‘On Denoting’, 1905). B. Russell, “On Denoting”, Mind 14 (1905), 479–493; SEP “Alexius Meinong”
依据: AI 草稿
阿列克修斯·迈农 › 1853–1920
亨利·柏格森
批评了
Russell rejected Bergson’s intuition as anti-intellectualism: his attack on the intellect rests on misunderstandings of mathematics and of Zeno’s paradoxes (‘The Philosophy of Bergson’, 1912). B. Russell, “The Philosophy of Bergson”, The Monist 22 (1912), 321–347; A History of Western Philosophy (1945), ch. 28
依据: AI 草稿
亨利·柏格森 › 1859–1941
作品
立场
Russell was a founder of analytic philosophy. He discovered the paradox of the set of all sets that do not contain themselves, which shook the foundations of mathematics, and with Whitehead attempted in Principia Mathematica to derive mathematics from logic. His theory of descriptions showed that sentences such as “The present King of France is bald” can be analysed so that their grammatical form no longer misleads us about what exists. This made logical analysis the central method of philosophy. In epistemology he distinguished knowledge by acquaintance from knowledge by description. Beyond academia he wrote influential books on ethics, religion, politics and the history of philosophy.
生平与背景
Russell, grandson of a British prime minister, was orphaned early and raised by his grandmother. He studied mathematics and philosophy at Trinity College, Cambridge. A pacifist, he lost his lectureship and was imprisoned during the First World War. He wrote prolifically for a wide public, received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950 and campaigned against nuclear weapons into his nineties.
其他主要作品
- The Principles of Mathematics (1903)
- On Denoting (1905)
- Principia Mathematica, with A. N. Whitehead (1910–1913)
- The Problems of Philosophy (1912)
- A History of Western Philosophy (1945)
出现在
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