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杰里米·边沁

1748–1832

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

正确的行动是给最大多数人带来最大幸福的行动——而快乐和痛苦可以被测量和比较。

定位

经验主义、启蒙运动与自由主义 · 北欧 · 伦理学, 政治与法

古典功利主义的创立者：最大多数人的最大幸福是法律与道德的尺度。

核心思想

  • 功利原则
  • 快乐计算
  • 全景敞视监狱

学生: 约翰·斯图尔特·密尔

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影响

受影响于 2

  • 大卫·休谟

    受其影响

    On reading Hume’s Treatise, Bentham felt ‘as if scales had fallen’ from his eyes: utility was the test of virtue (A Fragment on Government, 1776). J. Bentham, A Fragment on Government (1776); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Book III (1740); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776

  • 切萨雷·贝卡里亚

    受其影响

    Bentham took up Beccaria’s formula of ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest number’ and his case for proportionate punishment (Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789). C. Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene (1764); J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); H. L. A. Hart, “Bentham and Beccaria”, in Essays on Bentham (1982)

    依据: AI 草稿

    切萨雷·贝卡里亚 › 1738–1794

影响了 4

  • 约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 教过

    教过 ✓

    Mill was taught by his father James Mill, not by Bentham, but grew up in Bentham’s circle; he called his reading of Bentham’s Traités de législation (ed. Dumont) in 1821–22 an epoch in his life and in 1825–27 edited Bentham’s Rationale of Judicial Evidence. A mentorship rather than formal teaching. J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873), chs. 3–4

    依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata

    约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 › 1806–1873

  • 亨利·西季威克

    影响了

    Sidgwick took Bentham’s utilitarianism, with its impartial count of everyone’s happiness, as one of the three methods he examined in The Methods of Ethics (1874). H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); Outlines of the History of Ethics (1886); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    亨利·西季威克 › 1838–1900

  • 梁启超

    影响了

    In 1902 Liang introduced Bentham’s utilitarianism to Chinese readers in Xinmin congbao (“The Doctrine of Bentham, Master of Utilitarianism”), reworking it rather than simply adopting it. Liang Qichao, “Leli zhuyi taidou Bianqin zhi xueshuo”, Xinmin congbao (1902)

    依据: AI 草稿

    梁启超 › 1873–1929

  • 彼得·辛格

    影响了

    Singer made Bentham’s question ‘Can they suffer?’ and the maxim, ascribed to Bentham, that each counts for one the basis of equal consideration for animals (Animal Liberation, 1975). P. Singer, Animal Liberation (1975); J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”; SEP “The Moral Status of Animals”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    彼得·辛格 › 1946年生

批评

受批评于 3

  • 赫伯特·斯宾塞

    受其批评

    Spencer objected that Bentham’s greatest-happiness principle gives no guidance, since happiness is undefinable, and put the law of equal freedom in its place (Social Statics, 1851). H. Spencer, Social Statics (1851), Introduction (“The Doctrine of Expediency”), ch. 4

    依据: AI 草稿

    赫伯特·斯宾塞 › 1820–1903

  • 约翰·罗尔斯

    受其批评

    Rawls objected that Bentham’s classical utilitarianism applies one person’s principle of choice to society and ‘does not take seriously the distinction between persons’ (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), §§ 5–6, 30

    依据: AI 草稿

    约翰·罗尔斯 › 1921–2002

  • 伯纳德·威廉斯

    受其批评

    Williams argued that utilitarianism as founded by Bentham sums welfare impersonally and leaves no room for agents’ own projects and integrity (Utilitarianism: For and Against, 1973). B. Williams, “A Critique of Utilitarianism”, in J. J. C. Smart & B. Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (1973); Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (1985), ch. 5

    依据: AI 草稿

    伯纳德·威廉斯 › 1929–2003

批评了 1

  • 约翰·洛克 受其影响

    受其影响

    Building on the empiricist psychology of Locke and Hume, Bentham took pleasure and pain as the ultimate motives and measures of action (Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789). J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689); IEP “Jeremy Bentham”

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    批评了

    Bentham dismissed the original contract as a fiction (against Blackstone, 1776) and natural rights as ‘nonsense upon stilts’ (against the French Declaration), both central to Locke. J. Bentham, A Fragment on Government (1776), ch. I §§36–48; Nonsense upon Stilts (written c. 1795); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”

    依据: AI 草稿

    约翰·洛克 › 1632–1704

作品

立场

Bentham held that nature has placed mankind under two masters, pain and pleasure. The principle of utility follows: actions and laws are right insofar as they produce the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Pleasures and pains can in principle be measured by intensity, duration, certainty and other dimensions, in a “felicific calculus”. On this basis Bentham criticised traditional law, called natural rights “nonsense upon stilts” and advocated reforms of the penal system, democracy, legal codification and animal welfare. His design for the Panopticon prison later became a symbol of surveillance through Foucault. He founded classical utilitarianism, refined by his pupil John Stuart Mill.

生平与背景

Born in London in 1748, Bentham entered Oxford at twelve and trained as a lawyer but never practised; he devoted his life to reforming law and institutions. Financially independent, he wrote enormous quantities of manuscripts and gathered reformers such as James Mill around him. His ideas shaped the spirit of University College London, where his preserved body is still displayed. He died in 1832.

其他主要作品

  • A Fragment on Government (1776)
  • An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)
  • Constitutional Code (1830)

出现在

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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