吉尔·德勒兹
实在是差异和不断的生成，而不是固定的同一性——要像一个四处蔓延的根系网络那样思考，而不是像只有一根树干的树。
定位
差异与生成的哲学：用块茎取代树，用欲望机器取代匮乏。
核心思想
- 块茎
- 差异与重复
- 内在性
- 无器官的身体
影响
受影响于 11
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎
受其影响 ✓
Deleuze read Spinoza as a philosopher of expression and immanence and asked with him what a body can do (Spinoza et le problème de l’expression, 1968). G. Deleuze, Spinoza et le problème de l’expression (1968); Spinoza. Philosophie pratique (1970; 1981); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”; SEP “Baruch Spinoza”
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 › 1632–1677
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨
受其影响 ✓
In The Fold (1988) Deleuze read Leibniz as the Baroque philosopher whose monads express the whole world from a point of view and whose matter is infinitely folded. G. Deleuze, Le pli. Leibniz et le baroque (1988); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”; SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
大卫·休谟
受其影响 ✓
In Empiricism and Subjectivity (1953) Deleuze read Hume as showing how a subject is constituted within the given through habit and association, and stressed his externality of relations. G. Deleuze, Empirisme et subjectivité (1953); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”; SEP “David Hume”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776
伊曼努尔·康德
受其影响 ✓
Deleuze read Kant’s doctrine of the faculties and their discordant accord in the sublime (La philosophie critique de Kant, 1963) and recast transcendental philosophy as ‘transcendental empiricism’ (1968). G. Deleuze, La philosophie critique de Kant (1963); “L’idée de genèse dans l’esthétique de Kant” (1963); Différence et répétition (1968); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
弗里德里希·尼采
受其影响 ✓
In Nietzsche and Philosophy (1962) Deleuze read Nietzsche against Hegel as a thinker of affirmation, of active and reactive forces and of eternal return as selection of difference. G. Deleuze, Nietzsche et la philosophie (1962); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900
亨利·柏格森
受其影响 ✓
Deleuze read Bergson’s duration as a qualitative multiplicity and the virtual as real without being actual (Le bergsonisme, 1966), and built Cinema 1–2 (1983–85) on Matter and Memory. G. Deleuze, Le bergsonisme (1966); Cinéma 1. L’image-mouvement (1983); Cinéma 2. L’image-temps (1985); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”; SEP “Henri Bergson”
亨利·柏格森 › 1859–1941
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约翰·邓斯·司各脱
受其影响 ✓
Deleuze took Duns Scotus’s univocity of being as the first moment of a philosophy of difference, followed by Spinoza and Nietzsche (Difference and Repetition, 1968). G. Deleuze, Différence et répétition (1968); Spinoza et le problème de l’expression (1968); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”; SEP “John Duns Scotus”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
约翰·邓斯·司各脱 › 约1266–1308年
加布里埃尔·塔尔德
受其影响
Deleuze read Tarde as a thinker of repetition and difference (Difference and Repetition, 1968) and, with Guattari, set his microsociology of imitation against Durkheim (A Thousand Plateaus, 1980). G. Deleuze, Différence et répétition (1968); G. Deleuze and F. Guattari, Mille plateaux (1980)
依据: AI 草稿
加布里埃尔·塔尔德 › 1843–1904
阿尔弗雷德·诺思·怀特海
受其影响 ✓
In The Fold (1988) Deleuze read Whitehead’s events and prehensions as a successor to Leibniz’s monadology, with chaos, extension and intensity as conditions of the event. G. Deleuze, Le pli. Leibniz et le baroque (1988); A. N. Whitehead, Process and Reality (1929); SEP “Alfred North Whitehead”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
阿尔弗雷德·诺思·怀特海 › 1861–1947
雅各布·冯·于克斯屈尔
受其影响 ✓
Deleuze took Uexküll’s tick, defined by three affects, as a model of a body known by what it can do (A Thousand Plateaus, 1980; Spinoza. Philosophie pratique, 1981). G. Deleuze and F. Guattari, Mille plateaux (1980); G. Deleuze, Spinoza. Philosophie pratique (1981)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
雅各布·冯·于克斯屈尔 › 1864–1944
弗朗茨·法农
受其影响
In Anti-Oedipus (1972, with Félix Guattari) Deleuze cited a case from Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth – a persecution psychosis that seemed to concern the death of the patient’s mother, who had in fact been killed by a French soldier – to show that delusion invests the social and historical field, not only the family. G. Deleuze and F. Guattari, L’Anti-Œdipe (1972), ch. 2; F. Fanon, Les damnés de la terre (1961), ch. “Guerre coloniale et troubles mentaux”
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗茨·法农 › 1925–1961
影响了 3
安东尼奥·奈格里
影响了 ✓
Negri took up Deleuze’s ‘societies of control’ (1990) and, with Michael Hardt, made it part of the account of biopolitical power in Empire (2000). M. Hardt and A. Negri, Empire (2000); G. Deleuze, “Post-scriptum sur les sociétés de contrôle” (1990); preface to A. Negri, L’anomalie sauvage (1982)
安东尼奥·奈格里 › 1933–2023
伊莎贝尔·斯唐热
影响了
Stengers borrowed from Deleuze the conceptual figure of the ‘idiot’, who slows down a consensus, to frame her cosmopolitical proposal (‘The Cosmopolitical Proposal’, 2005). I. Stengers, “The Cosmopolitical Proposal”, in B. Latour and P. Weibel (eds.), Making Things Public (2005); G. Deleuze and F. Guattari, Qu’est-ce que la philosophie? (1991)
依据: AI 草稿
伊莎贝尔·斯唐热 › 1949年生
爱德华多·维韦罗斯·德卡斯特罗
影响了
Viveiros de Castro used Deleuze and Guattari’s concepts of becoming and multiplicity to describe Amerindian perspectivism (‘Les pronoms cosmologiques’, 1998; Métaphysiques cannibales, 2009). E. Viveiros de Castro, “Les pronoms cosmologiques et le perspectivisme amérindien”, in É. Alliez (ed.), Gilles Deleuze. Une vie philosophique (1998); Métaphysiques cannibales (2009)
依据: AI 草稿
爱德华多·维韦罗斯·德卡斯特罗 › 1951年生
批评
受批评于 2
加亚特里·查克拉沃蒂·斯皮瓦克
受其批评
Spivak objected that Deleuze, with Foucault in ‘Intellectuals and Power’ (1972), conflates two senses of representation, speaking-for (vertreten) and portraying (darstellen) (‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, 1988). G. C. Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (1988); M. Foucault & G. Deleuze, “Les intellectuels et le pouvoir”, L’Arc 49 (1972)
依据: AI 草稿
加亚特里·查克拉沃蒂·斯皮瓦克 › 1942年生
斯拉沃热·齐泽克
受其批评
Žižek preferred the Deleuze of The Logic of Sense to the Anti-Oedipus Deleuze, whose praise of desiring flows he saw as fitting late capitalism (Organs without Bodies, 2004). S. Žižek, Organs without Bodies: On Deleuze and Consequences (2004)
依据: AI 草稿
斯拉沃热·齐泽克 › 1949年生
批评了 3
柏拉图
批评了
Deleuze called for ‘reversing Platonism’: instead of ranking copies by their likeness to the Ideas, he affirmed the simulacrum and difference (The Logic of Sense, 1969, appendix). G. Deleuze, Logique du sens (1969), appendix I.1 “Platon et le simulacre”; Différence et répétition (1968)
依据: AI 草稿
柏拉图 › 公元前428—前348年
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
批评了
Deleuze rejected Hegel’s dialectic for subordinating difference to identity and negation, opposing to it a Nietzschean affirmation of difference (Nietzsche and Philosophy, 1962; Difference and Repetition, 1968). G. Deleuze, Nietzsche et la philosophie (1962); Différence et répétition (1968), Introduction and ch. I; SEP “Gilles Deleuze”
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德
批评了
With Guattari, Deleuze attacked Freudian psychoanalysis for confining desire to the Oedipal family triangle and conceiving it as lack rather than production (Anti-Oedipus, 1972). G. Deleuze & F. Guattari, L’Anti-Œdipe. Capitalisme et schizophrénie (1972), ch. 2; SEP “Gilles Deleuze”
依据: AI 草稿
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 › 1856–1939
作品
立场
Deleuze sought to think difference as primary rather than as a mere deviation from an identity. In Difference and Repetition he criticised the whole tradition of “representation,” which subordinates the different to the same, and developed a philosophy of becoming and immanence inspired by Spinoza, Nietzsche and Bergson. With Guattari, in Anti-Oedipus, he attacked psychoanalysis: desire is not lack but productive, a network of “desiring-machines” that capitalism both unleashes and recaptures. A Thousand Plateaus contrasted hierarchical, tree-like thinking with the “rhizome,” a network without centre in which every point can connect with every other. Philosophy, the two wrote, is the creation of concepts. Deleuze shaped art theory, political philosophy and media studies.
生平与背景
Deleuze was born in Paris in 1925 and studied philosophy at the Sorbonne. He first wrote monographs on Hume, Nietzsche, Kant, Bergson and Spinoza. From 1969 he taught at the experimental University of Paris VIII (Vincennes), where his lectures attracted large audiences. With the psychoanalyst Félix Guattari he wrote a series of influential books. Severely ill, he took his own life in 1995.
其他主要作品
- Nietzsche and Philosophy (1962)
- Difference and Repetition (1968)
- The Logic of Sense (1969)
- Anti-Oedipus (with Félix Guattari) (1972)
- A Thousand Plateaus (with Félix Guattari) (1980)
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