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德里克·帕菲特

1942–2017

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

随时间延续的人格同一性并不是重要的——看清这一点使我们更关心他人，更少地害怕死亡。

定位

分析哲学 · 东亚 · 伦理学, 存在与自我

《理与人》：重要的并不是人格同一性。

核心思想

  • 关于人的还原论
  • “令人厌恶的结论”

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影响

受影响于 4

  • 乔达摩·悉达多（佛陀）

    受其影响

    Parfit added an appendix “Buddha’s View” to Reasons and Persons (1984), quoting Buddhist texts to show that the Buddha had held the reductionist view of persons he defends. D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984), Appendix J “Buddha’s View”

    依据: AI 草稿

    乔达摩·悉达多（佛陀） › 约公元前480—前400年年 · 通行断代 公元前563—前483年

  • 约翰·洛克

    受其影响

    Parfit developed Locke’s memory criterion into psychological continuity – overlapping chains of memories, intentions and character – and asked whether identity is what matters (Reasons and Persons, 1984). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (2nd ed., 1694), “Of Identity and Diversity”; SEP “Locke on Personal Identity”

    依据: AI 草稿

    约翰·洛克 › 1632–1704

  • 大卫·休谟

    受其影响

    Parfit’s reductionism about persons – identity is psychological and physical continuity, no further fact – is commonly compared with Hume’s bundle view (Reasons and Persons, 1984). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40), “Of personal identity”; SEP “Personal Identity”

    依据: AI 草稿

    大卫·休谟 › 1711–1776

  • 亨利·西季威克

    受其影响

    Parfit took up Sidgwick’s ‘dualism of practical reason’ between egoism and impartial benevolence and sought to resolve it (Reasons and Persons, 1984; On What Matters, 2011). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); On What Matters (2011); H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”

    依据: AI 草稿

    亨利·西季威克 › 1838–1900

影响了 2

  • 尼克·博斯特罗姆

    影响了

    Bostrom used Parfit’s comparison of a war killing 99 per cent of humanity with one killing everyone to argue that reducing existential risk is a global priority (2013). N. Bostrom, “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority”, Global Policy 4 (2013); D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984)

    依据: AI 草稿

    尼克·博斯特罗姆 › 1973年生

  • 威廉·麦卡斯基尔

    影响了

    MacAskill built on Parfit’s population ethics, including the repugnant conclusion and the value of future generations, in his case for longtermism (What We Owe the Future, 2022). W. MacAskill, What We Owe the Future (2022); D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984)

    依据: AI 草稿

    威廉·麦卡斯基尔 › 1987年生

批评

批评了 1

  • 伯纳德·威廉斯

    批评了

    Parfit rejected Williams’s view that all reasons are internal, grounded in motivations: reasons are given by facts that count in favour of acting (On What Matters, 2011). D. Parfit, “Reasons and Motivation”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. 71 (1997); On What Matters (2011), vol. 1; B. Williams, “Internal and External Reasons” (1980)

    依据: AI 草稿

    伯纳德·威廉斯 › 1929–2003

作品

  • 1984理与人

    远程传送、分裂——个人同一性并不是重要的东西。

  • 2011论重要之事

    康德主义者、后果主义者和契约论者“攀登同一座山”。

立场

In Reasons and Persons Parfit used thought experiments involving teleportation and brain division to argue that personal identity is not a deep further fact. A person is nothing over and above a body, a brain and psychological connections such as memory and character. What matters is this psychological continuity, which comes in degrees – and Parfit found this liberating, as the wall between himself and others became thinner. Its last part became a starting point of population ethics. There Parfit showed that principles which seem plausible imply the “Repugnant Conclusion”: for any population of people who all live very good lives, a much larger population whose lives are barely worth living would be better. The conclusion follows from premises that are hard to reject, yet it strikes most people, Parfit included, as unacceptable; he spent decades looking for a way out. His late work On What Matters argued that Kantians, consequentialists and contractualists are “climbing the same mountain on different sides.”

生平与背景

Parfit was born in 1942 in Chengdu, China, to British medical missionaries and grew up in Oxford. He first studied history before turning to philosophy. Almost his entire career was spent at All Souls College, Oxford, with regular visiting positions at Harvard, New York University and Rutgers. He was famous for working on his books with extreme perfectionism for many years.

其他主要作品

  • Personal Identity (1971)
  • Reasons and Persons (1984)
  • On What Matters (2011)

出现在

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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