Sigmund Freud
Une grande part de ce qui nous meut est inconsciente – désirs et conflits cachés façonnent nos comportements, nos rêves et nos lapsus à notre insu.
Repères
Fondateur de la psychanalyse : le moi n’est pas maître dans sa propre maison.
Idées clés
- L’inconscient
- Ça, moi, surmoi
- L’interprétation des rêves
Maîtres: Franz Brentano
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Influence
Influences reçues de 4
Arthur Schopenhauer
influencé par
Freud granted that Schopenhauer had anticipated repression (1914) and said his death drive had steered into ‘the harbour of Schopenhauer’s philosophy’ (Jenseits des Lustprinzips, 1920). S. Freud, “Zur Geschichte der psychoanalytischen Bewegung” (1914); Jenseits des Lustprinzips (1920); SEP “Arthur Schopenhauer”
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Arthur Schopenhauer › 1788–1860
Charles Darwin
influencé par
Freud took Darwin’s primal horde as a premise of Totem und Tabu (1912–13) and called his theory of descent the ‘biological’ blow to human self-love (1917). S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1912–13); “Eine Schwierigkeit der Psychoanalyse” (1917); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871); F. J. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind (1979)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Charles Darwin › 1809–1882
Franz Brentano élève de
élève de ✓
As a medical student Freud attended five of Brentano’s lecture courses and seminars in Vienna (1874–76), the only philosophy he studied; his letters to Eduard Silberstein report personal visits to Brentano. S. Freud, Jugendbriefe an Eduard Silberstein 1871–1881, ed. W. Boehlich (1989); P. Merlan, “Brentano and Freud”, Journal of the History of Ideas 6 (1945)
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Franz Brentano › 1838–1917
Friedrich Nietzsche
influencé par contesté
Direct influence is disputed: Freud said he avoided Nietzsche, whose guesses agreed with psychoanalysis, yet took ‘das Es’ via Groddeck from Nietzsche (The Ego and the Id, 1923). S. Freud, Das Ich und das Es (1923); Selbstdarstellung (1925); R. Lehrer, Nietzsche’s Presence in Freud’s Life and Thought (1995)
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Friedrich Nietzsche › 1844–1900
A influencé 20
Jacques Lacan
a influencé ✓
Lacan called for a return to Freud and reread condensation and displacement as metaphor and metonymy, the unconscious being structured like a language (‘L’instance de la lettre’, 1957). J. Lacan, “La chose freudienne” (1955); “L’instance de la lettre dans l’inconscient ou la raison depuis Freud” (1957), both in Écrits (1966); SEP “Jacques Lacan”
Jacques Lacan › 1901–1981
Theodor W. Adorno
a influencé
Adorno used Freud’s Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1921) to explain the appeal of fascist agitators (‘Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda’, 1951). T. W. Adorno, “Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda” (1951); S. Freud, Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse (1921); SEP “Theodor W. Adorno”
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Theodor W. Adorno › 1903–1969
Claude Lévi-Strauss
a influencé
Lévi-Strauss compared the shaman’s cure with psychoanalysis: both make a disorder thinkable through a symbolic structure the patient lives through (‘L’efficacité symbolique’, 1949). C. Lévi-Strauss, “L’efficacité symbolique”, Revue de l’histoire des religions (1949), in Anthropologie structurale (1958); Tristes tropiques (1955)
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Claude Lévi-Strauss › 1908–2009
Jürgen Habermas
a influencé ✓
In Knowledge and Human Interests (1968) Habermas took psychoanalysis as the model of a self-reflective science guided by an emancipatory interest, criticising Freud’s own scientistic self-misunderstanding. J. Habermas, Erkenntnis und Interesse (1968); SEP “Jürgen Habermas”
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Jürgen Habermas › 1929–2026
Jacques Derrida
a influencé ✓
In ‘Freud et la scène de l’écriture’ (1966) Derrida read Freud’s mystic writing-pad (1925) as a model of the psyche as writing and trace. J. Derrida, “Freud et la scène de l’écriture” (1966), in L’écriture et la différence (1967); La carte postale (1980); S. Freud, “Notiz über den Wunderblock” (1925); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Jacques Derrida › 1930–2004
Judith Butler
a influencé
Butler drew on Freud’s ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ and The Ego and the Id to read gender identity as melancholic incorporation of an ungrieved same-sex attachment (Gender Trouble, 1990). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990); The Psychic Life of Power (1997); S. Freud, “Trauer und Melancholie” (1917); Das Ich und das Es (1923)
Attestation: aussi dans InPhO · InPhO
Judith Butler › né(e) en 1956
Tout afficher (20)Afficher moins
Lou Andreas-Salomé
a influencé ✓
After meeting Freud at the Weimar congress of 1911 she spent a study year in Vienna in 1912 and practised psychoanalysis afterwards, thanking him in an open letter in 1931. NDB “Andreas-Salomé, Lou” (E. Heimpel, NDB 1, 1953; read)
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Lou Andreas-Salomé › 1861–1937
Norbert Elias
a influencé
Elias drew on Freud’s account of drive control and the superego to show how external constraints become self-constraint in the civilising process (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, 1939). N. Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939); S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Norbert Elias › 1897–1990
Herbert Marcuse
a influencé
In Eros and Civilization (1955) Marcuse historicised Freud’s reality principle as the ‘performance principle’ of capitalist society and distinguished necessary from ‘surplus repression’. H. Marcuse, Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud (1955); SEP “Herbert Marcuse”
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Herbert Marcuse › 1898–1979
Talcott Parsons
a influencé
Parsons used Freud’s superego to explain how cultural values are internalised in socialisation, linking personality to the social system (‘The Superego and the Theory of Social Systems’, 1952). T. Parsons, “The Superego and the Theory of Social Systems”, Psychiatry 15 (1952), in Social Structure and Personality (1964)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Talcott Parsons › 1902–1979
Paul Ricœur
a influencé
In De l’interprétation (1965) Ricœur read Freud’s psychoanalysis as a hermeneutics of suspicion that deciphers desire in symbols, combining an energetics of drives with interpretation. P. Ricœur, De l’interprétation. Essai sur Freud (1965); SEP “Paul Ricoeur”
Attestation: brouillon IA
Paul Ricœur › 1913–2005
Cornelius Castoriadis
a influencé
Castoriadis read Freud’s psyche as radical imagination, a ceaseless flow of representations that society must socialise (The Imaginary Institution of Society, 1975). C. Castoriadis, L’institution imaginaire de la société (1975)
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Cornelius Castoriadis › 1922–1997
Jean-François Lyotard
a influencé
Lyotard took Freud’s dream-work as a model of the figural that disrupts discourse (Discours, figure, 1971) and his economics of libido for Économie libidinale (1974). J.-F. Lyotard, Discours, figure (1971); Économie libidinale (1974); Dérive à partir de Marx et Freud (1973); SEP “Jean François Lyotard”
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Jean-François Lyotard › 1924–1998
Zygmunt Bauman
a influencé
Bauman reversed Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents: where Freud saw happiness traded for security, postmodern discontents come from freedom bought with insecurity (Postmodernity and Its Discontents, 1997). Z. Bauman, Postmodernity and Its Discontents (1997), introduction; S. Freud, Das Unbehagen in der Kultur (1930)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Zygmunt Bauman › 1925–2017
Frantz Fanon
a influencé
The introduction to Black Skin, White Masks (1952) starts from Freud, who against the constitutional psychiatry of his time took the individual’s history into account; beside phylogeny and ontogeny Fanon set sociogeny – the alienation of the colonised is not an individual question. F. Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs (1952), introduction
Attestation: brouillon IA
Frantz Fanon › 1925–1961
Lélia Gonzalez
a influencé
Gonzalez took her ‘epistemological support’ from Freud’s psychoanalysis, reading racism as the symptom of a Brazilian ‘cultural neurosis’ that denies itself (‘Racismo e sexismo na cultura brasileira’, 1980/1984). L. Gonzalez, “Racismo e sexismo na cultura brasileira” (lecture, ANPOCS 1980), Ciências Sociais Hoje 2 (1984)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Lélia Gonzalez › 1935–1994
Ashis Nandy
a influencé
Nandy, trained as a clinical psychologist, used psychoanalysis in his studies of colonialism and examined its Indian reception in The Savage Freud (1995). A. Nandy, The Intimate Enemy (1983); The Savage Freud and Other Essays on Possible and Retrievable Selves (1995)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Ashis Nandy › né(e) en 1937
Julia Kristeva
a influencé ✓
Kristeva grounded her distinction between the semiotic and the symbolic in Freud’s theory of the drives (La révolution du langage poétique, 1974) and practised as a psychoanalyst. J. Kristeva, La révolution du langage poétique (1974); Pouvoirs de l’horreur (1980)
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Julia Kristeva › né(e) en 1941
Slavoj Žižek
a influencé ✓
Žižek read Marx’s commodity form like Freud’s dream, whose secret lies in the dream-work, not the latent content (The Sublime Object of Ideology, 1989). S. Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (1989); S. Freud, Die Traumdeutung (1900)
Slavoj Žižek › né(e) en 1949
Eva Illouz
a influencé
Illouz traced therapeutic culture from Freud’s lectures at Clark University (1909), through which psychoanalysis offered a new language of the self (Saving the Modern Soul, 2008). E. Illouz, Saving the Modern Soul: Therapy, Emotions, and the Culture of Self-Help (2008); S. Freud, Über Psychoanalyse (Clark lectures, 1909, printed 1910)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Eva Illouz › né(e) en 1961
Critique
Critiques reçues de 13
C. G. Jung a influencé
a influencé
Jung applied Freud’s theory of repression to psychosis (Über die Psychologie der Dementia praecox, 1907) and in 1910 became first president of the International Psychoanalytical Association. C. G. Jung, Über die Psychologie der Dementia praecox (1907); W. McGuire (ed.), The Freud/Jung Letters (1974)
Attestation: brouillon IA
critiqué par
Jung rejected Freud’s view of libido as essentially sexual, reading it as general psychic energy – a difference that led to their break (Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido). C. G. Jung, Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (1911–12); The Freud/Jung Letters, ed. W. McGuire, 1974
Attestation: brouillon IA
C. G. Jung › 1875–1961
Erich Fromm a influencé
a influencé ✓
In ‘Über Methode und Aufgabe einer analytischen Sozialpsychologie’ (1932) Fromm joined Freud’s psychoanalysis to historical materialism, tracing shared drive structures to a society’s economy. E. Fromm, “Über Methode und Aufgabe einer analytischen Sozialpsychologie”, Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 1 (1932); Escape from Freedom (1941)
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critiqué par
Fromm rejected Freud’s libido theory as mechanistic and bound to bourgeois society, explaining character from social relations rather than drives (Escape from Freedom, 1941, appendix). E. Fromm, Escape from Freedom (1941), appendix “Character and the Social Process”; Greatness and Limitations of Freud’s Thought (1979)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Erich Fromm › 1900–1980
Karl Popper
critiqué par
Popper argued that psychoanalysis can interpret any behaviour in its own terms; its constant confirmations show that it cannot be tested (Conjectures and Refutations, 1963, ch. 1). K. Popper, Conjectures and Refutations (1963), ch. 1 “Science: Conjectures and Refutations”
Attestation: brouillon IA
Karl Popper › 1902–1994
Jean-Paul Sartre
critiqué par
Sartre argued that Freud’s censor, to repress a drive, must know it, so the unconscious only relocates bad faith; he proposed an existential psychoanalysis (Being and Nothingness, 1943). J.-P. Sartre, L’Être et le néant (1943), Part I, ch. 2.1; Part IV, ch. 2.1; SEP “Jean-Paul Sartre”
Attestation: brouillon IA
Jean-Paul Sartre › 1905–1980
Michel Foucault
critiqué par
In The Will to Knowledge (1976) Foucault challenged the ‘repressive hypothesis’ and placed Freudian psychoanalysis within the long history of confession that produces truths about sex. M. Foucault, Histoire de la sexualité I: La volonté de savoir (1976), parts II–III; SEP “Michel Foucault”
Attestation: brouillon IA
Michel Foucault › 1926–1984
Luce Irigaray a influencé
a influencé
A trained psychoanalyst, Irigaray read the philosophical tradition as Freud reads symptoms, for what it represses of the feminine (Speculum de l’autre femme, 1974). L. Irigaray, Speculum de l’autre femme (1974); Ce sexe qui n’en est pas un (1977); M. Whitford, Luce Irigaray: Philosophy in the Feminine (1991)
Attestation: brouillon IA
critiqué par
Irigaray objected that Freud’s lecture on femininity takes male sexuality as the norm and describes woman only as lack (Speculum of the Other Woman, 1974, part I). L. Irigaray, Speculum de l’autre femme (1974), part I “La tache aveugle d’un vieux rêve de symétrie”; S. Freud, “Die Weiblichkeit” (Neue Folge der Vorlesungen, 1933)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Luce Irigaray › né(e) en 1930
Tout afficher (13)Afficher moins
Bronisław Malinowski
critiqué par
Malinowski argued from Trobriand fieldwork that Freud’s Oedipus complex is not universal: in a matrilineal society hostility targets the mother’s brother (Sex and Repression in Savage Society, 1927). B. Malinowski, Sex and Repression in Savage Society (1927); E. Jones, “Mother-Right and the Sexual Ignorance of Savages” (1925)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Bronisław Malinowski › 1884–1942
Simone de Beauvoir
critiqué par
Beauvoir objected that Freud modelled female sexuality on the male and that penis envy reflects men’s social privilege, not anatomy (The Second Sex, 1949). S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949), vol. I, Part I, ch. 2; SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
Attestation: brouillon IA
Simone de Beauvoir › 1908–1986
Gilles Deleuze
critiqué par
With Guattari, Deleuze attacked Freudian psychoanalysis for confining desire to the Oedipal family triangle and conceiving it as lack rather than production (Anti-Oedipus, 1972). G. Deleuze & F. Guattari, L’Anti-Œdipe. Capitalisme et schizophrénie (1972), ch. 2; SEP “Gilles Deleuze”
Attestation: brouillon IA
Gilles Deleuze › 1925–1995
Carla Lonzi
critiqué par
Lonzi rejected Freud’s norm of the mature vaginal orgasm as a patriarchal construction tying female pleasure to male sexuality (La donna clitoridea e la donna vaginale, 1971). C. Lonzi, La donna clitoridea e la donna vaginale (Scritti di Rivolta Femminile, 1971)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Carla Lonzi › 1931–1982
Carol Gilligan
critiqué par
Gilligan criticised Freud for taking male development as the norm and reading women’s supposedly weaker sense of justice as a deficit (In a Different Voice, 1982). C. Gilligan, In a Different Voice (1982), ch. 1; S. Freud, “Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes” (1925)
Attestation: brouillon IA
Carol Gilligan › né(e) en 1936
Fatema Mernissi
critiqué par
Mernissi set Freud’s theory of a passive female sexuality against al-Ghazali’s theory of an active one, treating both as culturally bound (Beyond the Veil, 1975). F. Mernissi, Beyond the Veil: Male–Female Dynamics in a Modern Muslim Society, 1975
Attestation: brouillon IA
Fatema Mernissi › 1940–2015
Carole Pateman
critiqué par
Pateman read Freud’s primal horde (Totem and Taboo, 1913) as a social contract story that conceals the brothers’ prior sexual pact over women (The Sexual Contract, 1988). C. Pateman, The Sexual Contract (1988); S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1913), part IV
Attestation: brouillon IA
Carole Pateman › né(e) en 1940
Critiques adressées à 1
Edvard Westermarck
a critiqué
Freud rejected Westermarck’s view that growing up together breeds sexual aversion: if incest were naturally avoided, it would need no strict prohibition (Totem und Tabu, 1913, ch. 4). S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1913), ch. IV; E. Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage, 1891
Attestation: brouillon IA
Edvard Westermarck › 1862–1939
Œuvres
Un rêve est l’accomplissement d’un désir refoulé.
La civilisation repose sur le renoncement aux pulsions – et produit de la culpabilité.
Position
Freud soutenait qu’une grande part de notre vie psychique est inconsciente : les désirs et les souvenirs que nous avons refoulés façonnent encore nos rêves, nos lapsus et nos symptômes. Les rêves sont l’accomplissement déguisé de tels désirs et la « voie royale » vers l’inconscient. Plus tard, il divisa le psychisme en ça (les pulsions), moi (qui médiatise la réalité) et surmoi (la conscience morale intériorisée). La civilisation, conclut-il, exige le renoncement aux pulsions et produit donc du malaise. Il infligeait ainsi à l’amour-propre humain un troisième grand coup, après Copernic et Darwin : le moi n’est pas maître dans sa propre maison. Ses idées ont marqué la littérature, la théorie critique et la compréhension moderne du soi.
Vie et contexte
Né en 1856 à Freiberg, en Moravie, Freud grandit à Vienne, se forma comme médecin et neurologue, et étudia l’hystérie avec Charcot à Paris. Avec Josef Breuer, il développa la « cure par la parole », d’où naquit la psychanalyse. Il travailla à Vienne pendant près d’un demi-siècle ; après l’annexion de l’Autriche par les nazis, il émigra à Londres en 1938 et y mourut en 1939.
Autres œuvres principales
- Études sur l’hystérie (1895, avec Josef Breuer)
- Trois essais sur la théorie de la sexualité (1905)
- Le Moi et le Ça (1923)
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