西格蒙德·弗洛伊德
驱动我们的很大一部分东西是无意识的——隐藏的愿望和冲突在我们不知不觉中塑造着我们的行为、梦和口误。
定位
精神分析的创立者：自我在自己的家里并不是主人。
核心思想
- 无意识
- 本我、自我、超我
- 梦的解析
老师: 弗朗茨·布伦塔诺
影响
受影响于 4
亚瑟·叔本华
受其影响
Freud granted that Schopenhauer had anticipated repression (1914) and said his death drive had steered into ‘the harbour of Schopenhauer’s philosophy’ (Jenseits des Lustprinzips, 1920). S. Freud, “Zur Geschichte der psychoanalytischen Bewegung” (1914); Jenseits des Lustprinzips (1920); SEP “Arthur Schopenhauer”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
亚瑟·叔本华 › 1788–1860
查尔斯·达尔文
受其影响
Freud took Darwin’s primal horde as a premise of Totem und Tabu (1912–13) and called his theory of descent the ‘biological’ blow to human self-love (1917). S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1912–13); “Eine Schwierigkeit der Psychoanalyse” (1917); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871); F. J. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind (1979)
依据: AI 草稿
查尔斯·达尔文 › 1809–1882
弗朗茨·布伦塔诺 师从
师从 ✓
As a medical student Freud attended five of Brentano’s lecture courses and seminars in Vienna (1874–76), the only philosophy he studied; his letters to Eduard Silberstein report personal visits to Brentano. S. Freud, Jugendbriefe an Eduard Silberstein 1871–1881, ed. W. Boehlich (1989); P. Merlan, “Brentano and Freud”, Journal of the History of Ideas 6 (1945)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
弗朗茨·布伦塔诺 › 1838–1917
弗里德里希·尼采
受其影响 存在争议
Direct influence is disputed: Freud said he avoided Nietzsche, whose guesses agreed with psychoanalysis, yet took ‘das Es’ via Groddeck from Nietzsche (The Ego and the Id, 1923). S. Freud, Das Ich und das Es (1923); Selbstdarstellung (1925); R. Lehrer, Nietzsche’s Presence in Freud’s Life and Thought (1995)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900
影响了 20
雅克·拉康
影响了 ✓
Lacan called for a return to Freud and reread condensation and displacement as metaphor and metonymy, the unconscious being structured like a language (‘L’instance de la lettre’, 1957). J. Lacan, “La chose freudienne” (1955); “L’instance de la lettre dans l’inconscient ou la raison depuis Freud” (1957), both in Écrits (1966); SEP “Jacques Lacan”
雅克·拉康 › 1901–1981
西奥多·W. 阿多诺
影响了
Adorno used Freud’s Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1921) to explain the appeal of fascist agitators (‘Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda’, 1951). T. W. Adorno, “Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda” (1951); S. Freud, Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse (1921); SEP “Theodor W. Adorno”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
西奥多·W. 阿多诺 › 1903–1969
克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯
影响了
Lévi-Strauss compared the shaman’s cure with psychoanalysis: both make a disorder thinkable through a symbolic structure the patient lives through (‘L’efficacité symbolique’, 1949). C. Lévi-Strauss, “L’efficacité symbolique”, Revue de l’histoire des religions (1949), in Anthropologie structurale (1958); Tristes tropiques (1955)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯 › 1908–2009
尤尔根·哈贝马斯
影响了 ✓
In Knowledge and Human Interests (1968) Habermas took psychoanalysis as the model of a self-reflective science guided by an emancipatory interest, criticising Freud’s own scientistic self-misunderstanding. J. Habermas, Erkenntnis und Interesse (1968); SEP “Jürgen Habermas”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
尤尔根·哈贝马斯 › 1929–2026
雅克·德里达
影响了 ✓
In ‘Freud et la scène de l’écriture’ (1966) Derrida read Freud’s mystic writing-pad (1925) as a model of the psyche as writing and trace. J. Derrida, “Freud et la scène de l’écriture” (1966), in L’écriture et la différence (1967); La carte postale (1980); S. Freud, “Notiz über den Wunderblock” (1925); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
雅克·德里达 › 1930–2004
朱迪斯·巴特勒
影响了
Butler drew on Freud’s ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ and The Ego and the Id to read gender identity as melancholic incorporation of an ungrieved same-sex attachment (Gender Trouble, 1990). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990); The Psychic Life of Power (1997); S. Freud, “Trauer und Melancholie” (1917); Das Ich und das Es (1923)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
朱迪斯·巴特勒 › 1956年生
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露·安德烈亚斯·莎乐美
影响了 ✓
After meeting Freud at the Weimar congress of 1911 she spent a study year in Vienna in 1912 and practised psychoanalysis afterwards, thanking him in an open letter in 1931. NDB “Andreas-Salomé, Lou” (E. Heimpel, NDB 1, 1953; read)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
露·安德烈亚斯·莎乐美 › 1861–1937
诺贝特·埃利亚斯
影响了
Elias drew on Freud’s account of drive control and the superego to show how external constraints become self-constraint in the civilising process (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, 1939). N. Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939); S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
依据: AI 草稿
诺贝特·埃利亚斯 › 1897–1990
赫伯特·马尔库塞
影响了
In Eros and Civilization (1955) Marcuse historicised Freud’s reality principle as the ‘performance principle’ of capitalist society and distinguished necessary from ‘surplus repression’. H. Marcuse, Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud (1955); SEP “Herbert Marcuse”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
赫伯特·马尔库塞 › 1898–1979
塔尔科特·帕森斯
影响了
Parsons used Freud’s superego to explain how cultural values are internalised in socialisation, linking personality to the social system (‘The Superego and the Theory of Social Systems’, 1952). T. Parsons, “The Superego and the Theory of Social Systems”, Psychiatry 15 (1952), in Social Structure and Personality (1964)
依据: AI 草稿
塔尔科特·帕森斯 › 1902–1979
保罗·利科
影响了
In De l’interprétation (1965) Ricœur read Freud’s psychoanalysis as a hermeneutics of suspicion that deciphers desire in symbols, combining an energetics of drives with interpretation. P. Ricœur, De l’interprétation. Essai sur Freud (1965); SEP “Paul Ricoeur”
依据: AI 草稿
保罗·利科 › 1913–2005
科尔内利乌斯·卡斯托里亚迪斯
影响了
Castoriadis read Freud’s psyche as radical imagination, a ceaseless flow of representations that society must socialise (The Imaginary Institution of Society, 1975). C. Castoriadis, L’institution imaginaire de la société (1975)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
科尔内利乌斯·卡斯托里亚迪斯 › 1922–1997
让-弗朗索瓦·利奥塔
影响了
Lyotard took Freud’s dream-work as a model of the figural that disrupts discourse (Discours, figure, 1971) and his economics of libido for Économie libidinale (1974). J.-F. Lyotard, Discours, figure (1971); Économie libidinale (1974); Dérive à partir de Marx et Freud (1973); SEP “Jean François Lyotard”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
让-弗朗索瓦·利奥塔 › 1924–1998
齐格蒙特·鲍曼
影响了
Bauman reversed Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents: where Freud saw happiness traded for security, postmodern discontents come from freedom bought with insecurity (Postmodernity and Its Discontents, 1997). Z. Bauman, Postmodernity and Its Discontents (1997), introduction; S. Freud, Das Unbehagen in der Kultur (1930)
依据: AI 草稿
齐格蒙特·鲍曼 › 1925–2017
弗朗茨·法农
影响了
The introduction to Black Skin, White Masks (1952) starts from Freud, who against the constitutional psychiatry of his time took the individual’s history into account; beside phylogeny and ontogeny Fanon set sociogeny – the alienation of the colonised is not an individual question. F. Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs (1952), introduction
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗茨·法农 › 1925–1961
莱利娅·冈萨雷斯
影响了
Gonzalez took her ‘epistemological support’ from Freud’s psychoanalysis, reading racism as the symptom of a Brazilian ‘cultural neurosis’ that denies itself (‘Racismo e sexismo na cultura brasileira’, 1980/1984). L. Gonzalez, “Racismo e sexismo na cultura brasileira” (lecture, ANPOCS 1980), Ciências Sociais Hoje 2 (1984)
依据: AI 草稿
莱利娅·冈萨雷斯 › 1935–1994
阿希斯·南迪
影响了
Nandy, trained as a clinical psychologist, used psychoanalysis in his studies of colonialism and examined its Indian reception in The Savage Freud (1995). A. Nandy, The Intimate Enemy (1983); The Savage Freud and Other Essays on Possible and Retrievable Selves (1995)
依据: AI 草稿
阿希斯·南迪 › 1937年生
朱莉娅·克里斯蒂娃
影响了 ✓
Kristeva grounded her distinction between the semiotic and the symbolic in Freud’s theory of the drives (La révolution du langage poétique, 1974) and practised as a psychoanalyst. J. Kristeva, La révolution du langage poétique (1974); Pouvoirs de l’horreur (1980)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
朱莉娅·克里斯蒂娃 › 1941年生
斯拉沃热·齐泽克
影响了 ✓
Žižek read Marx’s commodity form like Freud’s dream, whose secret lies in the dream-work, not the latent content (The Sublime Object of Ideology, 1989). S. Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (1989); S. Freud, Die Traumdeutung (1900)
斯拉沃热·齐泽克 › 1949年生
伊娃·易洛思
影响了
Illouz traced therapeutic culture from Freud’s lectures at Clark University (1909), through which psychoanalysis offered a new language of the self (Saving the Modern Soul, 2008). E. Illouz, Saving the Modern Soul: Therapy, Emotions, and the Culture of Self-Help (2008); S. Freud, Über Psychoanalyse (Clark lectures, 1909, printed 1910)
依据: AI 草稿
伊娃·易洛思 › 1961年生
批评
受批评于 13
卡尔·古斯塔夫·荣格 影响了
影响了
Jung applied Freud’s theory of repression to psychosis (Über die Psychologie der Dementia praecox, 1907) and in 1910 became first president of the International Psychoanalytical Association. C. G. Jung, Über die Psychologie der Dementia praecox (1907); W. McGuire (ed.), The Freud/Jung Letters (1974)
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Jung rejected Freud’s view of libido as essentially sexual, reading it as general psychic energy – a difference that led to their break (Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido). C. G. Jung, Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (1911–12); The Freud/Jung Letters, ed. W. McGuire, 1974
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·古斯塔夫·荣格 › 1875–1961
埃里希·弗洛姆 影响了
影响了 ✓
In ‘Über Methode und Aufgabe einer analytischen Sozialpsychologie’ (1932) Fromm joined Freud’s psychoanalysis to historical materialism, tracing shared drive structures to a society’s economy. E. Fromm, “Über Methode und Aufgabe einer analytischen Sozialpsychologie”, Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 1 (1932); Escape from Freedom (1941)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
受其批评
Fromm rejected Freud’s libido theory as mechanistic and bound to bourgeois society, explaining character from social relations rather than drives (Escape from Freedom, 1941, appendix). E. Fromm, Escape from Freedom (1941), appendix “Character and the Social Process”; Greatness and Limitations of Freud’s Thought (1979)
依据: AI 草稿
埃里希·弗洛姆 › 1900–1980
卡尔·波普尔
受其批评
Popper argued that psychoanalysis can interpret any behaviour in its own terms; its constant confirmations show that it cannot be tested (Conjectures and Refutations, 1963, ch. 1). K. Popper, Conjectures and Refutations (1963), ch. 1 “Science: Conjectures and Refutations”
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·波普尔 › 1902–1994
让-保罗·萨特
受其批评
Sartre argued that Freud’s censor, to repress a drive, must know it, so the unconscious only relocates bad faith; he proposed an existential psychoanalysis (Being and Nothingness, 1943). J.-P. Sartre, L’Être et le néant (1943), Part I, ch. 2.1; Part IV, ch. 2.1; SEP “Jean-Paul Sartre”
依据: AI 草稿
让-保罗·萨特 › 1905–1980
米歇尔·福柯
受其批评
In The Will to Knowledge (1976) Foucault challenged the ‘repressive hypothesis’ and placed Freudian psychoanalysis within the long history of confession that produces truths about sex. M. Foucault, Histoire de la sexualité I: La volonté de savoir (1976), parts II–III; SEP “Michel Foucault”
依据: AI 草稿
米歇尔·福柯 › 1926–1984
露丝·伊利格瑞 影响了
影响了
A trained psychoanalyst, Irigaray read the philosophical tradition as Freud reads symptoms, for what it represses of the feminine (Speculum de l’autre femme, 1974). L. Irigaray, Speculum de l’autre femme (1974); Ce sexe qui n’en est pas un (1977); M. Whitford, Luce Irigaray: Philosophy in the Feminine (1991)
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Irigaray objected that Freud’s lecture on femininity takes male sexuality as the norm and describes woman only as lack (Speculum of the Other Woman, 1974, part I). L. Irigaray, Speculum de l’autre femme (1974), part I “La tache aveugle d’un vieux rêve de symétrie”; S. Freud, “Die Weiblichkeit” (Neue Folge der Vorlesungen, 1933)
依据: AI 草稿
露丝·伊利格瑞 › 1930年生
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布罗尼斯拉夫·马林诺夫斯基
受其批评
Malinowski argued from Trobriand fieldwork that Freud’s Oedipus complex is not universal: in a matrilineal society hostility targets the mother’s brother (Sex and Repression in Savage Society, 1927). B. Malinowski, Sex and Repression in Savage Society (1927); E. Jones, “Mother-Right and the Sexual Ignorance of Savages” (1925)
依据: AI 草稿
布罗尼斯拉夫·马林诺夫斯基 › 1884–1942
西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦
受其批评
Beauvoir objected that Freud modelled female sexuality on the male and that penis envy reflects men’s social privilege, not anatomy (The Second Sex, 1949). S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949), vol. I, Part I, ch. 2; SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
依据: AI 草稿
西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦 › 1908–1986
吉尔·德勒兹
受其批评
With Guattari, Deleuze attacked Freudian psychoanalysis for confining desire to the Oedipal family triangle and conceiving it as lack rather than production (Anti-Oedipus, 1972). G. Deleuze & F. Guattari, L’Anti-Œdipe. Capitalisme et schizophrénie (1972), ch. 2; SEP “Gilles Deleuze”
依据: AI 草稿
吉尔·德勒兹 › 1925–1995
卡拉·隆齐
受其批评
Lonzi rejected Freud’s norm of the mature vaginal orgasm as a patriarchal construction tying female pleasure to male sexuality (La donna clitoridea e la donna vaginale, 1971). C. Lonzi, La donna clitoridea e la donna vaginale (Scritti di Rivolta Femminile, 1971)
依据: AI 草稿
卡拉·隆齐 › 1931–1982
卡罗尔·吉利根
受其批评
Gilligan criticised Freud for taking male development as the norm and reading women’s supposedly weaker sense of justice as a deficit (In a Different Voice, 1982). C. Gilligan, In a Different Voice (1982), ch. 1; S. Freud, “Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes” (1925)
依据: AI 草稿
卡罗尔·吉利根 › 1936年生
法蒂玛·梅尔尼西
受其批评
Mernissi set Freud’s theory of a passive female sexuality against al-Ghazali’s theory of an active one, treating both as culturally bound (Beyond the Veil, 1975). F. Mernissi, Beyond the Veil: Male–Female Dynamics in a Modern Muslim Society, 1975
依据: AI 草稿
法蒂玛·梅尔尼西 › 1940–2015
卡罗尔·佩特曼
受其批评
Pateman read Freud’s primal horde (Totem and Taboo, 1913) as a social contract story that conceals the brothers’ prior sexual pact over women (The Sexual Contract, 1988). C. Pateman, The Sexual Contract (1988); S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1913), part IV
依据: AI 草稿
卡罗尔·佩特曼 › 1940年生
批评了 1
爱德华·韦斯特马克
批评了
Freud rejected Westermarck’s view that growing up together breeds sexual aversion: if incest were naturally avoided, it would need no strict prohibition (Totem und Tabu, 1913, ch. 4). S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1913), ch. IV; E. Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage, 1891
依据: AI 草稿
爱德华·韦斯特马克 › 1862–1939
作品
立场
Freud argued that much of our mental life is unconscious: wishes and memories we have repressed still shape our dreams, slips of the tongue and symptoms. Dreams are the disguised fulfilment of such wishes and the “royal road” to the unconscious. Later he divided the psyche into the id (drives), the ego (mediating reality) and the superego (internalised conscience). Civilisation, he concluded, demands the renunciation of drives and therefore produces discontent. With this he offered a third great blow to human self-love after Copernicus and Darwin: the ego is not master in its own house. His ideas shaped literature, critical theory and the modern understanding of the self.
生平与背景
Born in 1856 in Freiberg in Moravia, Freud grew up in Vienna, trained as a physician and neurologist, and studied hysteria with Charcot in Paris. Together with Josef Breuer he developed the “talking cure”, from which psychoanalysis emerged. He worked in Vienna for almost half a century; after the Nazi annexation of Austria he emigrated to London in 1938 and died there in 1939.
其他主要作品
- Studies on Hysteria (1895, with Josef Breuer)
- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
- Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905)
- The Ego and the Id (1923)
- Civilization and Its Discontents (1930)
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