Sigmund Freud
Wiele z tego, co nami kieruje, jest nieświadome – ukryte pragnienia i konflikty kształtują nasze zachowanie, sny i przejęzyczenia bez naszej wiedzy.
Umiejscowienie
Twórca psychoanalizy: ego nie jest panem we własnym domu.
Kluczowe idee
- Nieświadomość
- Id, ego, superego
- Objaśnianie marzeń sennych
Nauczyciele: Franz Brentano
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 4
Arthur Schopenhauer
pod wpływem
Freud granted that Schopenhauer had anticipated repression (1914) and said his death drive had steered into ‘the harbour of Schopenhauer’s philosophy’ (Jenseits des Lustprinzips, 1920). S. Freud, “Zur Geschichte der psychoanalytischen Bewegung” (1914); Jenseits des Lustprinzips (1920); SEP “Arthur Schopenhauer”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Arthur Schopenhauer › 1788–1860
Karol Darwin
pod wpływem
Freud took Darwin’s primal horde as a premise of Totem und Tabu (1912–13) and called his theory of descent the ‘biological’ blow to human self-love (1917). S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1912–13); “Eine Schwierigkeit der Psychoanalyse” (1917); C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871); F. J. Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind (1979)
Źródło: szkic AI
Karol Darwin › 1809–1882
Franz Brentano nauczyciel(ka)
nauczyciel(ka) ✓
As a medical student Freud attended five of Brentano’s lecture courses and seminars in Vienna (1874–76), the only philosophy he studied; his letters to Eduard Silberstein report personal visits to Brentano. S. Freud, Jugendbriefe an Eduard Silberstein 1871–1881, ed. W. Boehlich (1989); P. Merlan, “Brentano and Freud”, Journal of the History of Ideas 6 (1945)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Franz Brentano › 1838–1917
Friedrich Nietzsche
pod wpływem sporne
Direct influence is disputed: Freud said he avoided Nietzsche, whose guesses agreed with psychoanalysis, yet took ‘das Es’ via Groddeck from Nietzsche (The Ego and the Id, 1923). S. Freud, Das Ich und das Es (1923); Selbstdarstellung (1925); R. Lehrer, Nietzsche’s Presence in Freud’s Life and Thought (1995)
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Friedrich Nietzsche › 1844–1900
Wpływ na 20
Jacques Lacan
wpływ na ✓
Lacan called for a return to Freud and reread condensation and displacement as metaphor and metonymy, the unconscious being structured like a language (‘L’instance de la lettre’, 1957). J. Lacan, “La chose freudienne” (1955); “L’instance de la lettre dans l’inconscient ou la raison depuis Freud” (1957), both in Écrits (1966); SEP “Jacques Lacan”
Jacques Lacan › 1901–1981
Theodor Adorno
wpływ na
Adorno used Freud’s Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1921) to explain the appeal of fascist agitators (‘Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda’, 1951). T. W. Adorno, “Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda” (1951); S. Freud, Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse (1921); SEP “Theodor W. Adorno”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Theodor Adorno › 1903–1969
Claude Lévi-Strauss
wpływ na
Lévi-Strauss compared the shaman’s cure with psychoanalysis: both make a disorder thinkable through a symbolic structure the patient lives through (‘L’efficacité symbolique’, 1949). C. Lévi-Strauss, “L’efficacité symbolique”, Revue de l’histoire des religions (1949), in Anthropologie structurale (1958); Tristes tropiques (1955)
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Claude Lévi-Strauss › 1908–2009
Jürgen Habermas
wpływ na ✓
In Knowledge and Human Interests (1968) Habermas took psychoanalysis as the model of a self-reflective science guided by an emancipatory interest, criticising Freud’s own scientistic self-misunderstanding. J. Habermas, Erkenntnis und Interesse (1968); SEP “Jürgen Habermas”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Jürgen Habermas › 1929–2026
Jacques Derrida
wpływ na ✓
In ‘Freud et la scène de l’écriture’ (1966) Derrida read Freud’s mystic writing-pad (1925) as a model of the psyche as writing and trace. J. Derrida, “Freud et la scène de l’écriture” (1966), in L’écriture et la différence (1967); La carte postale (1980); S. Freud, “Notiz über den Wunderblock” (1925); SEP “Jacques Derrida”
Jacques Derrida › 1930–2004
Judith Butler
wpływ na
Butler drew on Freud’s ‘Mourning and Melancholia’ and The Ego and the Id to read gender identity as melancholic incorporation of an ungrieved same-sex attachment (Gender Trouble, 1990). J. Butler, Gender Trouble (1990); The Psychic Life of Power (1997); S. Freud, “Trauer und Melancholie” (1917); Das Ich und das Es (1923)
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Judith Butler › ur. 1956
Pokaż wszystko (20)Pokaż mniej
Lou Andreas-Salomé
wpływ na ✓
After meeting Freud at the Weimar congress of 1911 she spent a study year in Vienna in 1912 and practised psychoanalysis afterwards, thanking him in an open letter in 1931. NDB “Andreas-Salomé, Lou” (E. Heimpel, NDB 1, 1953; read)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Lou Andreas-Salomé › 1861–1937
Norbert Elias
wpływ na
Elias drew on Freud’s account of drive control and the superego to show how external constraints become self-constraint in the civilising process (Über den Prozess der Zivilisation, 1939). N. Elias, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939); S. Mennell, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989)
Źródło: szkic AI
Norbert Elias › 1897–1990
Herbert Marcuse
wpływ na
In Eros and Civilization (1955) Marcuse historicised Freud’s reality principle as the ‘performance principle’ of capitalist society and distinguished necessary from ‘surplus repression’. H. Marcuse, Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud (1955); SEP “Herbert Marcuse”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Herbert Marcuse › 1898–1979
Talcott Parsons
wpływ na
Parsons used Freud’s superego to explain how cultural values are internalised in socialisation, linking personality to the social system (‘The Superego and the Theory of Social Systems’, 1952). T. Parsons, “The Superego and the Theory of Social Systems”, Psychiatry 15 (1952), in Social Structure and Personality (1964)
Źródło: szkic AI
Talcott Parsons › 1902–1979
Paul Ricoeur
wpływ na
In De l’interprétation (1965) Ricœur read Freud’s psychoanalysis as a hermeneutics of suspicion that deciphers desire in symbols, combining an energetics of drives with interpretation. P. Ricœur, De l’interprétation. Essai sur Freud (1965); SEP “Paul Ricoeur”
Źródło: szkic AI
Paul Ricoeur › 1913–2005
Cornelius Castoriadis
wpływ na
Castoriadis read Freud’s psyche as radical imagination, a ceaseless flow of representations that society must socialise (The Imaginary Institution of Society, 1975). C. Castoriadis, L’institution imaginaire de la société (1975)
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Cornelius Castoriadis › 1922–1997
Jean-François Lyotard
wpływ na
Lyotard took Freud’s dream-work as a model of the figural that disrupts discourse (Discours, figure, 1971) and his economics of libido for Économie libidinale (1974). J.-F. Lyotard, Discours, figure (1971); Économie libidinale (1974); Dérive à partir de Marx et Freud (1973); SEP “Jean François Lyotard”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Jean-François Lyotard › 1924–1998
Zygmunt Bauman
wpływ na
Bauman reversed Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents: where Freud saw happiness traded for security, postmodern discontents come from freedom bought with insecurity (Postmodernity and Its Discontents, 1997). Z. Bauman, Postmodernity and Its Discontents (1997), introduction; S. Freud, Das Unbehagen in der Kultur (1930)
Źródło: szkic AI
Zygmunt Bauman › 1925–2017
Frantz Fanon
wpływ na
The introduction to Black Skin, White Masks (1952) starts from Freud, who against the constitutional psychiatry of his time took the individual’s history into account; beside phylogeny and ontogeny Fanon set sociogeny – the alienation of the colonised is not an individual question. F. Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs (1952), introduction
Źródło: szkic AI
Frantz Fanon › 1925–1961
Lélia Gonzalez
wpływ na
Gonzalez took her ‘epistemological support’ from Freud’s psychoanalysis, reading racism as the symptom of a Brazilian ‘cultural neurosis’ that denies itself (‘Racismo e sexismo na cultura brasileira’, 1980/1984). L. Gonzalez, “Racismo e sexismo na cultura brasileira” (lecture, ANPOCS 1980), Ciências Sociais Hoje 2 (1984)
Źródło: szkic AI
Lélia Gonzalez › 1935–1994
Ashis Nandy
wpływ na
Nandy, trained as a clinical psychologist, used psychoanalysis in his studies of colonialism and examined its Indian reception in The Savage Freud (1995). A. Nandy, The Intimate Enemy (1983); The Savage Freud and Other Essays on Possible and Retrievable Selves (1995)
Źródło: szkic AI
Ashis Nandy › ur. 1937
Julia Kristeva
wpływ na ✓
Kristeva grounded her distinction between the semiotic and the symbolic in Freud’s theory of the drives (La révolution du langage poétique, 1974) and practised as a psychoanalyst. J. Kristeva, La révolution du langage poétique (1974); Pouvoirs de l’horreur (1980)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Julia Kristeva › ur. 1941
Slavoj Žižek
wpływ na ✓
Žižek read Marx’s commodity form like Freud’s dream, whose secret lies in the dream-work, not the latent content (The Sublime Object of Ideology, 1989). S. Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (1989); S. Freud, Die Traumdeutung (1900)
Slavoj Žižek › ur. 1949
Eva Illouz
wpływ na
Illouz traced therapeutic culture from Freud’s lectures at Clark University (1909), through which psychoanalysis offered a new language of the self (Saving the Modern Soul, 2008). E. Illouz, Saving the Modern Soul: Therapy, Emotions, and the Culture of Self-Help (2008); S. Freud, Über Psychoanalyse (Clark lectures, 1909, printed 1910)
Źródło: szkic AI
Eva Illouz › ur. 1961
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 13
C. G. Jung wpływ na
wpływ na
Jung applied Freud’s theory of repression to psychosis (Über die Psychologie der Dementia praecox, 1907) and in 1910 became first president of the International Psychoanalytical Association. C. G. Jung, Über die Psychologie der Dementia praecox (1907); W. McGuire (ed.), The Freud/Jung Letters (1974)
Źródło: szkic AI
krytyka ze strony
Jung rejected Freud’s view of libido as essentially sexual, reading it as general psychic energy – a difference that led to their break (Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido). C. G. Jung, Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (1911–12); The Freud/Jung Letters, ed. W. McGuire, 1974
Źródło: szkic AI
C. G. Jung › 1875–1961
Erich Fromm wpływ na
wpływ na ✓
In ‘Über Methode und Aufgabe einer analytischen Sozialpsychologie’ (1932) Fromm joined Freud’s psychoanalysis to historical materialism, tracing shared drive structures to a society’s economy. E. Fromm, “Über Methode und Aufgabe einer analytischen Sozialpsychologie”, Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 1 (1932); Escape from Freedom (1941)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
krytyka ze strony
Fromm rejected Freud’s libido theory as mechanistic and bound to bourgeois society, explaining character from social relations rather than drives (Escape from Freedom, 1941, appendix). E. Fromm, Escape from Freedom (1941), appendix “Character and the Social Process”; Greatness and Limitations of Freud’s Thought (1979)
Źródło: szkic AI
Erich Fromm › 1900–1980
Karl Popper
krytyka ze strony
Popper argued that psychoanalysis can interpret any behaviour in its own terms; its constant confirmations show that it cannot be tested (Conjectures and Refutations, 1963, ch. 1). K. Popper, Conjectures and Refutations (1963), ch. 1 “Science: Conjectures and Refutations”
Źródło: szkic AI
Karl Popper › 1902–1994
Jean-Paul Sartre
krytyka ze strony
Sartre argued that Freud’s censor, to repress a drive, must know it, so the unconscious only relocates bad faith; he proposed an existential psychoanalysis (Being and Nothingness, 1943). J.-P. Sartre, L’Être et le néant (1943), Part I, ch. 2.1; Part IV, ch. 2.1; SEP “Jean-Paul Sartre”
Źródło: szkic AI
Jean-Paul Sartre › 1905–1980
Michel Foucault
krytyka ze strony
In The Will to Knowledge (1976) Foucault challenged the ‘repressive hypothesis’ and placed Freudian psychoanalysis within the long history of confession that produces truths about sex. M. Foucault, Histoire de la sexualité I: La volonté de savoir (1976), parts II–III; SEP “Michel Foucault”
Źródło: szkic AI
Michel Foucault › 1926–1984
Luce Irigaray wpływ na
wpływ na
A trained psychoanalyst, Irigaray read the philosophical tradition as Freud reads symptoms, for what it represses of the feminine (Speculum de l’autre femme, 1974). L. Irigaray, Speculum de l’autre femme (1974); Ce sexe qui n’en est pas un (1977); M. Whitford, Luce Irigaray: Philosophy in the Feminine (1991)
Źródło: szkic AI
krytyka ze strony
Irigaray objected that Freud’s lecture on femininity takes male sexuality as the norm and describes woman only as lack (Speculum of the Other Woman, 1974, part I). L. Irigaray, Speculum de l’autre femme (1974), part I “La tache aveugle d’un vieux rêve de symétrie”; S. Freud, “Die Weiblichkeit” (Neue Folge der Vorlesungen, 1933)
Źródło: szkic AI
Luce Irigaray › ur. 1930
Pokaż wszystko (13)Pokaż mniej
Bronisław Malinowski
krytyka ze strony
Malinowski argued from Trobriand fieldwork that Freud’s Oedipus complex is not universal: in a matrilineal society hostility targets the mother’s brother (Sex and Repression in Savage Society, 1927). B. Malinowski, Sex and Repression in Savage Society (1927); E. Jones, “Mother-Right and the Sexual Ignorance of Savages” (1925)
Źródło: szkic AI
Bronisław Malinowski › 1884–1942
Simone de Beauvoir
krytyka ze strony
Beauvoir objected that Freud modelled female sexuality on the male and that penis envy reflects men’s social privilege, not anatomy (The Second Sex, 1949). S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949), vol. I, Part I, ch. 2; SEP “Simone de Beauvoir”
Źródło: szkic AI
Simone de Beauvoir › 1908–1986
Gilles Deleuze
krytyka ze strony
With Guattari, Deleuze attacked Freudian psychoanalysis for confining desire to the Oedipal family triangle and conceiving it as lack rather than production (Anti-Oedipus, 1972). G. Deleuze & F. Guattari, L’Anti-Œdipe. Capitalisme et schizophrénie (1972), ch. 2; SEP “Gilles Deleuze”
Źródło: szkic AI
Gilles Deleuze › 1925–1995
Carla Lonzi
krytyka ze strony
Lonzi rejected Freud’s norm of the mature vaginal orgasm as a patriarchal construction tying female pleasure to male sexuality (La donna clitoridea e la donna vaginale, 1971). C. Lonzi, La donna clitoridea e la donna vaginale (Scritti di Rivolta Femminile, 1971)
Źródło: szkic AI
Carla Lonzi › 1931–1982
Carol Gilligan
krytyka ze strony
Gilligan criticised Freud for taking male development as the norm and reading women’s supposedly weaker sense of justice as a deficit (In a Different Voice, 1982). C. Gilligan, In a Different Voice (1982), ch. 1; S. Freud, “Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes” (1925)
Źródło: szkic AI
Carol Gilligan › ur. 1936
Fatema Mernissi
krytyka ze strony
Mernissi set Freud’s theory of a passive female sexuality against al-Ghazali’s theory of an active one, treating both as culturally bound (Beyond the Veil, 1975). F. Mernissi, Beyond the Veil: Male–Female Dynamics in a Modern Muslim Society, 1975
Źródło: szkic AI
Fatema Mernissi › 1940–2015
Carole Pateman
krytyka ze strony
Pateman read Freud’s primal horde (Totem and Taboo, 1913) as a social contract story that conceals the brothers’ prior sexual pact over women (The Sexual Contract, 1988). C. Pateman, The Sexual Contract (1988); S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1913), part IV
Źródło: szkic AI
Carole Pateman › ur. 1940
Krytykuje 1
Edvard Westermarck
krytykuje
Freud rejected Westermarck’s view that growing up together breeds sexual aversion: if incest were naturally avoided, it would need no strict prohibition (Totem und Tabu, 1913, ch. 4). S. Freud, Totem und Tabu (1913), ch. IV; E. Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage, 1891
Źródło: szkic AI
Edvard Westermarck › 1862–1939
Dzieła
Sen jest spełnieniem stłumionego pragnienia.
Cywilizacja opiera się na wyrzeczeniu się popędów – i wytwarza poczucie winy.
Stanowisko
Freud argued that much of our mental life is unconscious: wishes and memories we have repressed still shape our dreams, slips of the tongue and symptoms. Dreams are the disguised fulfilment of such wishes and the “royal road” to the unconscious. Later he divided the psyche into the id (drives), the ego (mediating reality) and the superego (internalised conscience). Civilisation, he concluded, demands the renunciation of drives and therefore produces discontent. With this he offered a third great blow to human self-love after Copernicus and Darwin: the ego is not master in its own house. His ideas shaped literature, critical theory and the modern understanding of the self.
Życie i kontekst
Born in 1856 in Freiberg in Moravia, Freud grew up in Vienna, trained as a physician and neurologist, and studied hysteria with Charcot in Paris. Together with Josef Breuer he developed the “talking cure”, from which psychoanalysis emerged. He worked in Vienna for almost half a century; after the Nazi annexation of Austria he emigrated to London in 1938 and died there in 1939.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Studies on Hysteria (1895, with Josef Breuer)
- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
- Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905)
- The Ego and the Id (1923)
- Civilization and Its Discontents (1930)
Stan na listopad 2026 · Źródła · Ulepsz tę stronę · Jak powstaje Agora