लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन
आरंभिक विट्गेंश्टाइन के अनुसार, भाषा संसार का चित्र बनाती है, और जिसका चित्र नहीं बनाया जा सकता उसे मौन में छोड़ देना चाहिए; परवर्ती विट्गेंश्टाइन के अनुसार, बहुत-से मामलों में किसी शब्द का अर्थ यह है कि उसका प्रयोग कैसे होता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
“मेरी भाषा की सीमाओं का अर्थ है मेरे संसार की सीमाएँ।” बाद में: बहुत-से मामलों में किसी शब्द का अर्थ भाषा में उसका प्रयोग है।
मुख्य विचार
- चित्र-सिद्धांत
- भाषा-खेल
- पारिवारिक समानता
- निजी भाषा का तर्क
गुरु: बर्टराण्ड रसेल
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 5
आर्थर शोपेनहावर
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Wittgenstein’s early view of the metaphysical subject and will, in the Notebooks 1914–16 (publ. 1961) and the Tractatus (1921), drew on Schopenhauer, whom he read as a youth. L. Wittgenstein, Tagebücher 1914–1916 (publ. 1961); Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (1921); G. H. von Wright, “Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Biographical Sketch”, Philosophical Review 64 (1955); SEP “Arthur Schopenhauer”
आर्थर शोपेनहावर › 1788–1860
सोरेन किर्केगार्द
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Wittgenstein esteemed Kierkegaard, as Drury reported, and shared his view that Christianity is not a doctrine but a way of living (Culture and Value, remarks 1914–51; publ. 1977). L. Wittgenstein, Vermischte Bemerkungen (ed. G. H. von Wright, 1977; Engl. Culture and Value, 1980); M. O’C. Drury, “Conversations with Wittgenstein”, in R. Rhees (ed.), Ludwig Wittgenstein: Personal Recollections (1981); SEP “Søren Kierkegaard”
सोरेन किर्केगार्द › 1813–1855
लेव तोलस्तोय
जिनसे प्रभावित
During the war Wittgenstein carried Tolstoy’s Gospel in Brief, bought in Galicia (1914); biographers link it to the ethical-mystical close of the Tractatus (1921). B. McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life. Young Ludwig 1889–1921 (1988); R. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (1990); L. Wittgenstein, Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (1921)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
लेव तोलस्तोय › 1828–1910
विलियम जेम्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Wittgenstein found James’s Varieties of Religious Experience helpful (letter to Russell, 1912) and used his Principles of Psychology as a foil in the Philosophical Investigations (publ. 1953). L. Wittgenstein, letter to B. Russell (June 1912); Philosophische Untersuchungen (publ. 1953); R. B. Goodman, Wittgenstein and William James (2002); SEP “William James”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
विलियम जेम्स › 1842–1910
जी. ई. मूर
जिनसे प्रभावित
Wittgenstein’s On Certainty (written 1949–51; publ. 1969) starts from Moore’s defence of common sense (1925, 1939) and recasts his truisms as hinges of our practices. L. Wittgenstein, Über Gewißheit / On Certainty (written 1949–51; publ. 1969); G. E. Moore, “A Defence of Common Sense” (1925); “Proof of an External World” (1939); SEP “Ludwig Wittgenstein”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जी. ई. मूर › 1873–1958
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 30
रुडोल्फ कार्नैप
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Carnap took from the Tractatus, read in the Vienna Circle, the view that logic consists of tautologies and metaphysics of pseudo-sentences, and met Wittgenstein in 1927–29. R. Carnap, “Intellectual Autobiography”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap (1963); “Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache” (1932); SEP “Rudolf Carnap”; SEP “Vienna Circle”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
रुडोल्फ कार्नैप › 1891–1970
गिल्बर्ट राइल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Ryle, who knew Wittgenstein from 1929, shared his view of philosophy as dissolving conceptual confusions and paid tribute to his method (‘Ludwig Wittgenstein’, 1951). G. Ryle, “Ludwig Wittgenstein”, Analysis 12 (1951); “Autobiographical”, in O. P. Wood and G. Pitcher (eds.), Ryle (1970); SEP “Gilbert Ryle”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
गिल्बर्ट राइल › 1900–1976
जी. ई. एम. एन्सकॉम्ब जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Anscombe moved to Newnham College, Cambridge, in 1942 as a research student and attended Wittgenstein’s lectures, which she said freed her from phenomenalism; she became one of his closest students, translated the Philosophical Investigations (1953) and was one of his literary executors. SEP “Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe”; R. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (1990)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जी. ई. एम. एन्सकॉम्ब › 1919–2001
पियरे बूर्दियो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Bourdieu invoked Wittgenstein on rule-following against a legalistic view of practice: agents act from a practical sense, not by obeying explicit rules (‘De la règle aux stratégies’, 1985). P. Bourdieu, “De la règle aux stratégies” (1985), in Choses dites (1987); Le sens pratique (1980); SEP “Ludwig Wittgenstein”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
पियरे बूर्दियो › 1930–2002
चार्ल्स टेलर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Taylor read Wittgenstein’s remarks on following a rule as showing that understanding rests on an unarticulated background of embodied practice (‘To Follow a Rule’, 1993). C. Taylor, “To Follow a Rule”, in C. Calhoun et al. (eds.), Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives (1993), repr. in Philosophical Arguments (1995)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
चार्ल्स टेलर › जन्म 1931
जॉन सर्ल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Searle acknowledged the later Wittgenstein, especially On Certainty, as a source of his thesis that intentional states work only against a non-representational Background (Intentionality, 1983). J. R. Searle, Intentionality (1983); The Construction of Social Reality (1995); L. Wittgenstein, Über Gewißheit (publ. 1969)
जॉन सर्ल › 1932–2025
सभी दिखाएँ (30)कम दिखाएँ
मारित्ज़ श्लिक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Schlick saw in the Tractatus the turning point of philosophy, now an activity of clarifying meaning, not a science (‘Die Wende der Philosophie’, 1930); they met from 1927. M. Schlick, “Die Wende der Philosophie”, Erkenntnis 1 (1930); F. Waismann, Wittgenstein und der Wiener Kreis (ed. B. McGuinness, 1967); SEP “Moritz Schlick”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
मारित्ज़ श्लिक › 1882–1936
सूज़ेन के. लैंगर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Langer modelled discursive symbolism on the Tractatus’ picture theory, then argued that art and myth are ‘presentational’ symbols beyond its limits (Philosophy in a New Key, 1942). S. K. Langer, The Practice of Philosophy (1930); Philosophy in a New Key (1942); L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921/22)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सूज़ेन के. लैंगर › 1895–1985
ए. जे. एयर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Ayer took from the Tractatus (1921) the view that logical truths are tautologies saying nothing about the world and extended it to mathematics (Language, Truth and Logic, 1936). A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936); L. Wittgenstein, Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (1921); SEP “Alfred Jules Ayer”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
ए. जे. एयर › 1910–1989
विल्फ्रिड सेलर्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Sellars took up Wittgenstein’s language games and met the regress of rules with pattern-governed behaviour that precedes explicit rule-obeying (‘Some Reflections on Language Games’, 1954). W. Sellars, “Some Reflections on Language Games”, Philosophy of Science 21 (1954); SEP “Wilfrid Sellars”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विल्फ्रिड सेलर्स › 1912–1989
एलेन ट्यूरिंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
Turing attended Wittgenstein’s Cambridge lectures on the foundations of mathematics (1939) and argued with him over contradictions; how far this shaped Turing’s work is disputed. C. Diamond (ed.), Wittgenstein’s Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, Cambridge, 1939 (1976); J. Floyd, “Turing on ‘Common Sense’: Cambridge Resonances”, in J. Floyd and A. Bokulich (eds.), Philosophical Explorations of the Legacy of Alan Turing (2017)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलेन ट्यूरिंग › 1912–1954
गेऑर्ग हेनरिक फ़ॉन व्राइट जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Von Wright met Wittgenstein in Cambridge in 1939 and attended his lectures; in 1948 he succeeded him in the Cambridge chair and later became one of his literary executors. G. H. von Wright, “Intellectual Autobiography”, in P. A. Schilpp & L. E. Hahn (eds.), The Philosophy of Georg Henrik von Wright (1989)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग हेनरिक फ़ॉन व्राइट › 1916–2003
फ़िलिप्पा फ़ुट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Foot, influenced by Wittgenstein through Anscombe, argued that moral terms like ‘rude’ have criteria of application fixed by use, against the fact–value gap (‘Moral Arguments’, 1958). P. Foot, “Moral Arguments”, Mind 67 (1958); “Moral Beliefs”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 59 (1958–59); SEP “Philippa Foot”
फ़िलिप्पा फ़ुट › 1920–2010
थॉमस एस. कुहन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Kuhn used Wittgenstein’s family resemblance to explain how paradigms can guide research without a shared set of rules (Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962). T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962); L. Wittgenstein, Philosophische Untersuchungen (publ. 1953); SEP “Thomas Kuhn”
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थॉमस एस. कुहन › 1922–1996
पॉल फेएराबेंड
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Feyerabend, who had planned to study with Wittgenstein in Cambridge, gave an early long account of the Philosophical Investigations (‘Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations’, 1955). P. K. Feyerabend, “Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations”, Philosophical Review 64 (1955); Killing Time (1995); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
पॉल फेएराबेंड › 1924–1994
ज़ाँ-फ़्रांस्वा ल्योतार
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Lyotard took Wittgenstein’s language games as the model for the heterogeneity of discourses in The Postmodern Condition (1979), later recast as incommensurable phrase regimens (Le différend, 1983). J.-F. Lyotard, La condition postmoderne (1979); Le différend (1983); L. Wittgenstein, Philosophische Untersuchungen (1953); SEP “Jean François Lyotard”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
ज़ाँ-फ़्रांस्वा ल्योतार › 1924–1998
माइकल डमेट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Dummett turned Wittgenstein’s idea that meaning is use into the demand that understanding be manifest in use, the basis of his anti-realism (1976; Truth and Other Enigmas, 1978). M. Dummett, “What Is a Theory of Meaning? (II)” (1976), in The Seas of Language (1993); Truth and Other Enigmas (1978); “Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Mathematics”, Philosophical Review 68 (1959); SEP “Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Mathematics”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
माइकल डमेट › 1925–2011
हिलरी पट्नम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Putnam drew on Wittgenstein, read not as an anti-realist, for his natural realism of perception and his account of religious language (Renewing Philosophy, 1992; The Threefold Cord, 1999). H. Putnam, Renewing Philosophy (1992); The Threefold Cord: Mind, Body, and World (1999); “Was Wittgenstein Really an Anti-realist about Mathematics?” (2001)
हिलरी पट्नम › 1926–2016
याको हिंतिक्का
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Hintikka modelled his game-theoretical semantics on Wittgenstein’s language-games (Logic, Language-Games and Information, 1973) and with Merrill B. Hintikka reinterpreted his development (Investigating Wittgenstein, 1986). J. Hintikka, Logic, Language-Games and Information (1973); M. B. Hintikka and J. Hintikka, Investigating Wittgenstein (1986)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
याको हिंतिक्का › 1929–2015
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
MacIntyre’s early conceptual study of Freud treated the unconscious as a descriptive rather than explanatory concept, a method commentators link to Wittgenstein (The Unconscious, 1958). A. MacIntyre, The Unconscious: A Conceptual Analysis (1958; rev. 2004)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर › 1929–2025
बर्नार्ड विलियम्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Williams asked whether Wittgenstein’s later philosophy implies a transcendental idealism of the first-person plural (‘Wittgenstein and Idealism’, 1974) and discussed Wittgensteinian arguments on thick ethical concepts (1985). B. Williams, “Wittgenstein and Idealism” (1974), in Moral Luck (1981); Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (1985); SEP “Bernard Williams”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बर्नार्ड विलियम्स › 1929–2003
रिचर्ड रोर्टी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Rorty took from the later Wittgenstein the idea of philosophy as therapy, not theory, and read him as dissolving rather than solving traditional problems (‘Keeping Philosophy Pure’, 1976). R. Rorty, “Keeping Philosophy Pure: An Essay on Wittgenstein” (1976), in Consequences of Pragmatism (1982); Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (1979); SEP “Richard Rorty”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
रिचर्ड रोर्टी › 1931–2007
वायोला कोर्दोवा
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
To understand non-Western worldviews, Cordova’s dissertation (1992) drew on Whorf and on Wittgenstein’s Remarks on Frazer’s Golden Bough. V. F. Cordova, The Concept of Monism in Navajo Thought (PhD diss., University of New Mexico, 1992), abstract; L. Wittgenstein, Bemerkungen über Frazers Golden Bough (1967)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
वायोला कोर्दोवा › 1937–2002
थॉमस नागेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Nagel met Wittgenstein’s later philosophy at Cornell through Norman Malcolm, Wittgenstein’s student and friend, whose letter introduced him to Anscombe at Oxford in 1958. T. Nagel, review essay on Anscombe, Foot, Midgley and Murdoch, London Review of Books (2022); N. Malcolm, Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir (1958)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थॉमस नागेल › जन्म 1937
एंथनी गिडेंस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Giddens took from Wittgenstein the view that knowing a rule means knowing how to go on, making practical consciousness central to structuration theory (The Constitution of Society, 1984). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); The Constitution of Society (1984); L. Wittgenstein, Philosophische Untersuchungen (1953)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एंथनी गिडेंस › जन्म 1938
शॉल क्रिपके
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Kripke presented Wittgenstein’s rule-following remarks as a sceptical paradox – no fact fixes that ‘plus’ means addition – stressing it was the argument ‘as it struck Kripke’ (1982). S. A. Kripke, Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (1982); L. Wittgenstein, Philosophische Untersuchungen (publ. 1953); SEP “Rule-Following and Intentionality”
शॉल क्रिपके › 1940–2022
कारातानी कोजिन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Exploration I (Tankyū I, 1986) Karatani took up Wittgenstein’s rule-following problem and recast communication as teaching or selling to an other who does not share one’s rules. Karatani Kōjin, Tankyū I (1986); Transcritique (2001; Eng. 2003)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कारातानी कोजिन › जन्म 1941
डैनियल डेनेट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Dennett, a student of Ryle, drew on Wittgenstein’s attack on private inner objects in denying that experience has ineffable, intrinsic qualia (‘Quining Qualia’, 1988; Consciousness Explained, 1991). D. C. Dennett, “Quining Qualia”, in A. Marcel and E. Bisiach (eds.), Consciousness in Contemporary Science (1988); Consciousness Explained (1991)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
डैनियल डेनेट › 1942–2024
ऐलिस क्रैरी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Crary co-edited The New Wittgenstein (2000) and drew on Wittgenstein to argue that moral thought pervades our concepts, not only explicit judgements (Beyond Moral Judgment, 2007). A. Crary and R. Read (eds.), The New Wittgenstein (2000); A. Crary, Beyond Moral Judgment (2007)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ऐलिस क्रैरी › जन्म 1967
ख़ोसे मदीना
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Medina read Wittgenstein as a contextualist for whom meaning rests on shared practices (The Unity of Wittgenstein’s Philosophy, 2002), extending this to identity and agency (2006). J. Medina, The Unity of Wittgenstein’s Philosophy: Necessity, Intelligibility, and Normativity (2002); Speaking from Elsewhere (2006)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ख़ोसे मदीना › जन्म 1968
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
कार्ल पॉपर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Popper rejected Wittgenstein’s view that there are no genuine philosophical problems, and objected that the Tractatus’ criterion of meaning would also exclude natural laws (Logik der Forschung, 1934). K. Popper, Logik der Forschung (1934), §§ 4, 10; “The Nature of Philosophical Problems and Their Roots in Science” (1952), in Conjectures and Refutations (1963)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल पॉपर › 1902–1994
जेरी फ़ोडर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
With Chihara, Fodor attacked Wittgensteinian criteria for mental concepts (1965) and later argued that learning a language presupposes an innate language of thought (The Language of Thought, 1975). C. Chihara & J. Fodor, “Operationalism and Ordinary Language: A Critique of Wittgenstein”, American Philosophical Quarterly 2 (1965); J. Fodor, The Language of Thought (1975), ch. 2
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जेरी फ़ोडर › 1935–2017
जिनकी आलोचना की 4
ऑगस्टीन जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Wittgenstein used Augustine’s puzzle about time – known until one is asked – as a model of philosophical perplexity (Blue Book, dictated 1933–34; Philosophical Investigations, publ. 1953). L. Wittgenstein, The Blue and Brown Books (dictated 1933–35; publ. 1958); Philosophische Untersuchungen (publ. 1953); Augustine, Confessiones XI; SEP “Ludwig Wittgenstein”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनकी आलोचना की
Wittgenstein opened the Philosophical Investigations (1953) with Augustine’s account of learning words (Confessions I.8) and criticised its picture that every word names an object. L. Wittgenstein, Philosophische Untersuchungen (1953), §§ 1–3, 32; Augustine, Confessions I.8.13
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ऑगस्टीन › 354–430
गॉटलोब फ़्रेगे जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Wittgenstein, who visited Frege (1911), thanked ‘the great works of Frege’ in the Tractatus preface and adopted his principle that names have meaning only in propositions (1921). L. Wittgenstein, Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (completed 1918; publ. 1921), preface; G. Frege, Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884); SEP “Ludwig Wittgenstein”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Wittgenstein rejected Frege’s view that sentences name truth-values and that logical constants represent anything; Frege’s assertion sign he called logically meaningless (Tractatus, 1921, 4.0312, 4.431, 4.442). L. Wittgenstein, Tractatus logico-philosophicus (1921), 3.143, 4.0312, 4.431, 4.442; Philosophische Untersuchungen (1953), § 71
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गॉटलोब फ़्रेगे › 1848–1925
बर्टराण्ड रसेल जिनसे पढ़ाजिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Wittgenstein came to Cambridge in October 1911 to study logic with Russell and in 1912 was admitted to Trinity College as his student; his Notes on Logic (1913) were written for Russell. R. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (1990); B. McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life. Young Ludwig (1988)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Russell said his lectures on logical atomism were largely concerned with explaining ideas he had learnt from his former pupil Wittgenstein (The Philosophy of Logical Atomism, 1918). B. Russell, “The Philosophy of Logical Atomism” (lectures 1918; The Monist 1918–19), preliminary note
जिनकी आलोचना की
Wittgenstein objected that Russell’s multiple-relation theory of judgement allows nonsense to be judged (1913), and later rejected his theory of types as superfluous (Tractatus, 1921, 3.331–3.333, 5.5422). L. Wittgenstein to B. Russell, June 1913; Notes on Logic (1913); Tractatus logico-philosophicus (1921), 3.331–3.333, 5.5422
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बर्टराण्ड रसेल › 1872–1970
कुर्ट गेडेल
जिनकी आलोचना की
Wittgenstein questioned the philosophical significance of Gödel’s incompleteness theorem and doubted that ‘true but unprovable’ makes sense outside a system (Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, 1956). L. Wittgenstein, Bemerkungen über die Grundlagen der Mathematik (1956), part I, appendix I (3rd ed. 1978: appendix III); SEP “Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Mathematics”
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कुर्ट गेडेल › 1906–1978
कृतियाँ
संसार वही है जो घटित है … जिसके बारे में बोला नहीं जा सकता, उसके बारे में चुप रहना चाहिए।
- 1953दार्शनिक अन्वेषण
भाषा-खेल, नियम-पालन, निजी भाषा – ऑगस्टीन के भाषा-चित्र से आरंभ।
- 1969निश्चितता पर
किसी बात को जानने का क्या अर्थ है? मूर के सामान्य बुद्धि के बचाव और उनके “यह रहा एक हाथ” पर टिप्पणियाँ।
मत
The early Wittgenstein asked what language must be like to be able to depict the world at all. His answer in the Tractatus: a meaningful sentence is a logical picture of a possible state of affairs; ethics, aesthetics and the meaning of life cannot be said but only shown – “Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.” The later Wittgenstein broke with this picture. Words, he now held, have no hidden essence; their meaning is their use in many interwoven “language games,” connected by family resemblances rather than a common core. Philosophical problems arise when language “goes on holiday.” Both phases shaped the twentieth century: the first logical empiricism, the second ordinary language philosophy and beyond.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Wittgenstein grew up in one of Vienna’s richest industrial families, studied engineering in Berlin and Manchester and came to Bertrand Russell in Cambridge in 1911. He finished the Tractatus as a soldier in the First World War, then gave away his fortune and taught at village schools in Lower Austria, where he hit pupils – corporal punishment was still widespread in village schools, but parents complained about his severity; after a pupil collapsed in April 1926 he resigned, proceedings before the district court in Gloggnitz followed (their outcome is unclear in the sources), and in 1936–37 he apologised to former pupils. In 1929 he returned to Cambridge, where he later held a chair until 1947.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921)
- Philosophical Investigations (1953)
- The Blue and Brown Books (1958)
- On Certainty (1969)
इनमें आता है
- यात्रा ‘संदेह और आत्म’ · 10 में से पड़ाव 10
- यात्रा ‘भाषाई मोड़’ · 10 में से पड़ाव 3
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