याको हिंतिक्का

कृतियाँ

• 1962ज्ञान और विश्वास: दोनों धारणाओं के तर्कशास्त्र का परिचय

  “क जानता है कि प” और “क मानता है कि प” को उन संभव संसारों पर व्याख्यायित संकारकों के रूप में बरतता है जो किसी के ज्ञान या विश्वास से संगत हों, और इस तरह ज्ञान-तर्कशास्त्र की नींव रखता है।

• 1973तर्क, भाषा-खेल और सूचना

  खेल-सैद्धांतिक शब्दार्थ विकसित करने वाले निबंध: परिमाणकों का अर्थ सत्यापक और मिथ्याकारक के बीच खोजने और पाने के खेलों से समझाया जाता है, एक विचार जिसे हिंतिक्का ने विट्गेंश्टाइन के भाषा-खेलों से जोड़ा।

मत

Hintikka is on the map as the founder of epistemic logic and an influential logician of the twentieth century. In “Knowledge and Belief” (1962) he treated “a knows that p” and “a believes that p” as modal operators: to know something is to exclude all possibilities incompatible with it, so the logic of knowledge can be studied with the possible-worlds methods then being developed. The book opened a field that later reached computer science and economics. From the late 1960s he developed game-theoretical semantics: the truth of a sentence is defined by a game between a verifier and a falsifier, in which, for example, the verifier chooses an object for an existential quantifier; the sentence is true if the verifier has a winning strategy. He linked this idea to Wittgenstein’s language-games and later built on it an “independence-friendly logic”, with which he challenged received views of first-order logic and of the foundations of mathematics. He also proposed an interrogative model of inquiry, in which science proceeds by putting questions to nature, and wrote influential interpretations of Aristotle, of Descartes’ cogito as a performance rather than an inference, of Kant and of Wittgenstein.

जीवन और संदर्भ

Jaakko Hintikka was born on 12 January 1929 in Vantaa near Helsinki. He studied mathematics and philosophy at the University of Helsinki and took his doctorate in 1953 under Georg Henrik von Wright with a thesis on distributive normal forms. After three years as a junior fellow at Harvard (1956–59) he became professor of practical philosophy in Helsinki (1959–70). He later held research posts at the Academy of Finland and professorships at Stanford (part-time from 1964), Florida State University (1978–90) and Boston University (from 1990). For decades he edited the journal Synthese, and in 2005 he received the Rolf Schock Prize in logic and philosophy. He died in Porvoo on 12 August 2015.

अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ

• Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions (1962)
• Cogito, ergo sum: Inference or Performance? (Philosophical Review 71, 1962)
• Logic, Language-Games and Information (1973)
• Time and Necessity: Studies in Aristotle’s Theory of Modality (1973)
• Investigating Wittgenstein (with M. B. Hintikka, 1986)
• The Principles of Mathematics Revisited (1996)