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जॉन सर्ल

1932–2025

पहली झलकजानबूझकर सरलीकृत – परिचय में और विस्तार है

प्रतीकों को चलाता कंप्यूटर उन्हें उससे अधिक नहीं समझता जितना चीनी कक्ष में नियमों का पालन करता व्यक्ति – मन कार्यक्रमों से अधिक हैं।

पृष्ठभूमि

विश्लेषणात्मक दर्शन · उत्तरी अमेरिका · भाषा, मन और चेतना, समाज और इतिहास

चीनी कमरा: वाक्य-विन्यास शब्दार्थ नहीं है – प्रबल कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के विरुद्ध एक तर्क।

मुख्य विचार

  • चीनी कमरा
  • आशयात्मकता
  • सामाजिक सत्ता-मीमांसा

गुरु: जे. एल. ऑस्टिन, पी. एफ़. स्ट्रॉसन

तारा-मानचित्र में खोलें

प्रभाव

जिनसे प्रभावित 5

  • गॉटलोब फ़्रेगे

    जिनसे प्रभावित

    Searle developed Frege’s view that proper names have a sense into a cluster theory of names (‘Proper Names’, 1958) and defended a Fregean account of reference (Intentionality, 1983). J. R. Searle, “Proper Names”, Mind 67 (1958); Speech Acts (1969); Intentionality (1983)

    साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO

    गॉटलोब फ़्रेगे › 1848–1925

  • लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन

    जिनसे प्रभावित ✓

    Searle acknowledged the later Wittgenstein, especially On Certainty, as a source of his thesis that intentional states work only against a non-representational Background (Intentionality, 1983). J. R. Searle, Intentionality (1983); The Construction of Social Reality (1995); L. Wittgenstein, Über Gewißheit (publ. 1969)

    साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata · InPhO

    लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन › 1889–1951

  • जे. एल. ऑस्टिन जिनसे पढ़ा

    जिनसे पढ़ा

    At Oxford, where he studied from 1952 as a Rhodes Scholar, Searle was taught by Austin as well as by Strawson, Berlin and Hampshire; his Speech Acts (1969) developed Austin’s theory, although he said Austin’s attention to linguistic minutiae left him unmoved. J. R. Searle, interview with T. Crane, CRASSH, University of Cambridge (9 June 2014)

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    जे. एल. ऑस्टिन › 1911–1960

  • एच. पी. ग्राइस

    जिनसे प्रभावित

    Searle adopted Grice’s analysis of meaning through the intended recognition of intentions but held that it must include linguistic conventions (Speech Acts, 1969). J. R. Searle, Speech Acts (1969); H. P. Grice, “Meaning”, Philosophical Review 66 (1957); SEP “Paul Grice”

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    एच. पी. ग्राइस › 1913–1988

  • पी. एफ़. स्ट्रॉसन जिनसे पढ़ा

    जिनसे पढ़ा

    Strawson was Searle’s tutor at Oxford; Searle credited him without hesitation with having truly taught him how to do philosophy, recalled tutorials for which his essay was due a day in advance, and the two became close friends. J. R. Searle, interview with T. Crane, CRASSH, University of Cambridge (9 June 2014)

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    पी. एफ़. स्ट्रॉसन › 1919–2006

आलोचना

जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 3

  • शॉल क्रिपके

    जिनके द्वारा आलोचित

    Kripke rejected Searle’s cluster theory of names: no weighted set of descriptions fixes reference, since the bearer might satisfy none of them (Naming and Necessity, 1972/1980). S. Kripke, Naming and Necessity (1972; 1980), Lecture I; J. R. Searle, “Proper Names”, Mind 67 (1958)

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    शॉल क्रिपके › 1940–2022

  • डैनियल डेनेट

    जिनके द्वारा आलोचित

    Dennett called Searle’s Chinese Room an ‘intuition pump’ that directs attention to the rule-following man instead of the whole system (‘The Milk of Human Intentionality’, 1980). D. C. Dennett, “The Milk of Human Intentionality”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1980); Consciousness Explained (1991), ch. 14

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    डैनियल डेनेट › 1942–2024

  • डेविड चाल्मर्स

    जिनके द्वारा आलोचित

    Chalmers rejected Searle’s Chinese Room argument: by the principle of organisational invariance, a system with the right functional organisation would be conscious (The Conscious Mind, 1996, ch. 9). D. J. Chalmers, The Conscious Mind (1996), chs. 7, 9; J. R. Searle, “Consciousness and the Philosophers”, New York Review of Books, 6 March 1997, and the ensuing exchange

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    डेविड चाल्मर्स › जन्म 1966

जिनकी आलोचना की 2

  • एलेन ट्यूरिंग

    जिनकी आलोचना की

    Searle’s Chinese Room targeted the Turing test as a criterion of understanding: a program passing it by symbol manipulation need not understand anything (‘Minds, Brains, and Programs’, 1980). J. R. Searle, “Minds, Brains, and Programs”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1980), 417–457; A. M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, Mind 59 (1950)

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    एलेन ट्यूरिंग › 1912–1954

  • जाक देरिदा

    जिनकी आलोचना की

    Searle replied that Derrida’s ‘Signature Event Context’ misreads Austin: iterability does not undermine intention, and setting aside parasitic speech is a research strategy (‘Reiterating the Differences’, 1977). J. R. Searle, “Reiterating the Differences: A Reply to Derrida”, Glyph 1 (1977), 198–208; J. Derrida, “Limited Inc a b c …”, Glyph 2 (1977)

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    जाक देरिदा › 1930–2004

कृतियाँ

मत

Searle systematised Austin’s speech act theory, showing how promises, assertions and orders follow constitutive rules. He then turned to the mind: intentionality – the directedness of thoughts toward the world – is a biological feature of brains, as real as digestion. His most famous argument is the Chinese Room: a person who follows rules for manipulating Chinese symbols without understanding Chinese could produce perfect answers, yet would understand nothing. Hence computers that only process syntax do not thereby possess semantics, and “strong AI” is false. Searle did not deny that a machine could think – brains, he said, are machines – only that running a program could ever be enough; critics answer that the whole system, not the person in the room, might understand. Later he explained how social reality – money, marriages, states – arises from collective acceptance of the form “X counts as Y in context C.”

जीवन और संदर्भ

Searle was born in Denver in 1932 and studied at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, where he was influenced by J. L. Austin and Peter Strawson. From 1959 he taught at the University of California, Berkeley, for most of his career. He became widely known beyond philosophy through public debates on artificial intelligence and his controversy with Jacques Derrida. In 2019 the university revoked his emeritus status after finding that he had violated its policies on sexual harassment and retaliation. He died in 2025.

अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ

  • Speech Acts (1969)
  • Minds, Brains, and Programs (1980)
  • Intentionality (1983)
  • The Rediscovery of the Mind (1992)
  • The Construction of Social Reality (1995)

इनमें आता है

स्रोत: Wikipedia · Wikidata

नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है

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