लेव तोलस्तोय
सुसमाचार की आज्ञा के अनुसार जिएँ कि कभी हिंसा का प्रयोग न करें, बुराई के विरुद्ध भी नहीं, और राज्य, चर्च तथा धन को ठुकराएँ जो उस पर निर्भर हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
ईसाई अराजकतावाद और अहिंसा; सुसमाचारों के उनके पाठ ने विट्गेंश्टाइन और गांधी को आकार दिया।
मुख्य विचार
- अहिंसा
- जीवन का अर्थ
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 6
लाओ-त्सू
जिनसे प्रभावित
Tolstoy read Laozi from the 1880s and in 1910 published a selection of his sayings with his own essay “On the Essence of Laozi’s Teaching”. L. Tolstoy (ed.), Izrecheniya kitaiskogo mudretsa Lao-Tze (Posrednik, 1910); D. Bodde, Tolstoy and China (1950)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लाओ-त्सू › किंवदंतियों से जुड़ा व्यक्तित्व
कन्फ्यूशियस
जिनसे प्रभावित
From 1883 Tolstoy read Confucius and Mencius in Legge’s translations and wanted to make the “Chinese sages” known; he wrote an essay for P. Boulanger’s The Life and Teaching of Confucius (1903) and included the Great Learning in his Chinese Wisdom (1907). P. Boulanger, Zhizn’ i uchenie Konfutsiya (1903), with an essay by Tolstoy; Tolstoy, Kitaiskaya mudrost’ (Posrednik, 1907); D. Bodde, Tolstoy and China (1950), pp. 22–23
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कन्फ्यूशियस › परंपरागत रूप से 551–479 ईसा पूर्व
जाँ-जाक रुसो
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Tolstoy told Paul Boyer (1901) that Rousseau had been his master since he was fifteen; he wore a medallion with Rousseau’s portrait instead of a cross. P. Boyer, interview with Tolstoy (1901); SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
आर्थर शोपेनहावर
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Tolstoy read Schopenhauer in 1869 while finishing War and Peace, writing to Fet of ‘unceasing raptures’, and in A Confession (1879–82) cited him on the vanity of life. L. N. Tolstoy, letter to A. A. Fet, 30 Aug. 1869; Ispoved’ (1879–82)
आर्थर शोपेनहावर › 1788–1860
पिएर जोसेफ प्रूधों
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Tolstoy visited Proudhon in Brussels in 1861, the year Proudhon published La Guerre et la Paix, whose title his novel War and Peace later shared. P.-J. Proudhon, La Guerre et la Paix (1861); L. N. Tolstoy, Voina i mir (1868–69)
पिएर जोसेफ प्रूधों › 1809–1865
हेनरी डेविड थोरो
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Tolstoy read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience (1849) in the 1890s, found in it support for refusing obedience to unjust state demands, and urged a Russian translation. H. D. Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849); L. N. Tolstoy, letters to V. G. Chertkov (1890s)
हेनरी डेविड थोरो › 1817–1862
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 3
जेन एडम्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Addams visited Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana in 1896 and, in Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910), weighed his ideal of bread labour against the work of the settlement. J. Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910), “Tolstoyism”; SEP “Jane Addams”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जेन एडम्स › 1860–1935
महात्मा गांधी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Gandhi said Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of God Is Within You overwhelmed him; he published Tolstoy’s ‘Letter to a Hindu’ (1909) and named Tolstoy Farm after him (1910). M. K. Gandhi, An Autobiography (1927–29); M. Green, Tolstoy and Gandhi, Men of Peace (1983)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
महात्मा गांधी › 1869–1948
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
During the war Wittgenstein carried Tolstoy’s Gospel in Brief, bought in Galicia (1914); biographers link it to the ethical-mystical close of the Tractatus (1921). B. McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life. Young Ludwig 1889–1921 (1988); R. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (1990); L. Wittgenstein, Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (1921)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन › 1889–1951
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
व्लादिमीर सोलोवयोव
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Solovyov’s Three Conversations (1900) attacked Tolstoy’s doctrine of non-resistance to evil, which Solovyov held leaves the innocent defenceless and keeps Christ’s morality without his resurrection. V. Solovyov, Tri razgovora (1900), Preface and Third Conversation
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
व्लादिमीर सोलोवयोव › 1853–1900
लेव शेस्तोव
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In The Good in the Teaching of Tolstoy and Nietzsche (1900) Shestov argued that Tolstoy’s moral preaching made the good a substitute for God, a refuge from despair. L. Shestov, Dobro v uchenii gr. Tolstogo i F. Nitshe (1900)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लेव शेस्तोव › 1866–1938
कृतियाँ
अराजकतावाद के रूप में ईसाई अहिंसा।
मत
Tolstoy’s Confession describes how fame, wealth and family could not answer the question of what remains of life once death is faced. He found the answer in the faith of simple people and in the Sermon on the Mount, read as a practical rule of life: love your enemy and do not resist evil with force. From this he drew far-reaching consequences – rejection of the state, the army, courts and private property, a kind of Christian anarchism, as well as a simple life of physical work. In What Is Art? he judged art by whether it unites people in shared feeling. His ethic of non-violence decisively influenced Gandhi.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born into the nobility on the estate of Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy served as an officer in the Crimean War and became world-famous with War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Around 1880 a crisis of meaning, which he described in A Confession, led him to a radical, undogmatic Christianity. He was excommunicated by the Orthodox Church and died in 1910 at a remote railway station after leaving home.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- War and Peace (1869)
- Anna Karenina (1878)
- A Confession (1882)
- The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894)
- What Is Art? (1897)
इनमें आता है
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है