हिलरी पट्नम
हमारे शब्दों का अर्थ अंशतः संसार और हमारे समुदाय पर निर्भर है, केवल इस पर नहीं कि हमारे सिरों के भीतर क्या है।
पृष्ठभूमि
वैट में मस्तिष्क और जुड़वाँ पृथ्वी: “अर्थ सिर के भीतर ही नहीं होते।”
मुख्य विचार
- शब्दार्थ-बाह्यवाद
- प्रकार्यवाद
- आंतरिक यथार्थवाद
गुरु: हान्स राइशनबाख
शिष्य: जेरी फ़ोडर
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 7
विलियम जेम्स
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Putnam took up James’s natural realism about perception and his pragmatism, which joins fallibilism with antiscepticism (‘James’s Theory of Perception’, 1990; Pragmatism: An Open Question, 1995). H. Putnam, “James’s Theory of Perception”, in Realism with a Human Face (1990); Pragmatism: An Open Question (1995); SEP “William James”
विलियम जेम्स › 1842–1910
जॉन डुई
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Putnam took up Dewey’s experimental view of democracy and his rejection of a fact–value dichotomy (‘A Reconsideration of Deweyan Democracy’, 1990; The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy, 2002). H. Putnam, “A Reconsideration of Deweyan Democracy”, Southern California Law Review 63 (1990), in Renewing Philosophy (1992); The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy (2002); SEP “John Dewey”
जॉन डुई › 1859–1952
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Putnam drew on Wittgenstein, read not as an anti-realist, for his natural realism of perception and his account of religious language (Renewing Philosophy, 1992; The Threefold Cord, 1999). H. Putnam, Renewing Philosophy (1992); The Threefold Cord: Mind, Body, and World (1999); “Was Wittgenstein Really an Anti-realist about Mathematics?” (2001)
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन › 1889–1951
रुडोल्फ कार्नैप
जिनसे प्रभावित
Putnam, who worked with Carnap on inductive logic (1953–54), illustrated his conceptual relativity with a ‘Carnapian’ world of three individuals (The Many Faces of Realism, 1987). H. Putnam, The Many Faces of Realism (1987); “‘Degree of Confirmation’ and Inductive Logic”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap (1963); SEP “Rudolf Carnap”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रुडोल्फ कार्नैप › 1891–1970
हान्स राइशनबाख जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Putnam took his PhD at UCLA in 1951 under Reichenbach with a dissertation on the meaning of the concept of probability in application to finite sequences. H. Putnam, The Meaning of the Concept of Probability in Application to Finite Sequences (diss. UCLA 1951; printed 1990)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
हान्स राइशनबाख › 1891–1953
डब्ल्यू. वी. ओ. क्वाइन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Putnam developed Quine’s point that mathematics is indispensable to science into an argument for mathematical realism (Philosophy of Logic, 1971), known as the Quine–Putnam indispensability argument. H. Putnam, Philosophy of Logic (1971); “The Analytic and the Synthetic” (1962); SEP “Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
डब्ल्यू. वी. ओ. क्वाइन › 1908–2000
एलेन ट्यूरिंग
जिनसे प्रभावित
Putnam modelled mental states on the states of a Turing machine, founding machine functionalism (‘Minds and Machines’, 1960; ‘Psychological Predicates’, 1967). H. Putnam, “Minds and Machines”, in S. Hook (ed.), Dimensions of Mind (1960); “Psychological Predicates” (1967), repr. as “The Nature of Mental States”; SEP “Functionalism”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
एलेन ट्यूरिंग › 1912–1954
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
जेरी फ़ोडर जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Fodor took his PhD at Princeton in 1960 under Putnam with a dissertation in the philosophy of language, The Uses of ‘Use’. Mathematics Genealogy Project, entry J. A. Fodor (Princeton 1960)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जेरी फ़ोडर › 1935–2017
ऐलिस क्रैरी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Crary, whose Harvard undergraduate thesis Putnam supervised, shared his rejection of the fact–value dichotomy, arguing that moral concepts reveal real features of the world (Beyond Moral Judgment, 2007). A. Crary, Beyond Moral Judgment (2007); H. Putnam, The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy (2002)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ऐलिस क्रैरी › जन्म 1967
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
रने देकार्त
जिनकी आलोचना की
Putnam argued that the brain-in-a-vat hypothesis, a modern version of Descartes’ demon, refutes itself: envatted brains could not even refer to vats (Reason, Truth and History, 1981). H. Putnam, Reason, Truth and History (1981), ch. 1 “Brains in a Vat”; R. Descartes, Meditationes (1641), I
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
गॉटलोब फ़्रेगे
जिनकी आलोचना की
Putnam’s Twin Earth case denied that the Fregean sense a speaker grasps fixes a term’s extension: ‘meanings just ain’t in the head’ (‘The Meaning of “Meaning”’, 1975). H. Putnam, “The Meaning of ‘Meaning’”, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 7 (1975), 131–193
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गॉटलोब फ़्रेगे › 1848–1925
जे. जे. सी. स्मार्ट
जिनकी आलोचना की
Putnam objected to Smart’s identity of sensations and brain processes that pain can be realised in different systems, so mental states are functional states (‘Psychological Predicates’, 1967). H. Putnam, “Psychological Predicates” (1967), repr. as “The Nature of Mental States”; J. J. C. Smart, “Sensations and Brain Processes”, Philosophical Review 68 (1959)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जे. जे. सी. स्मार्ट › 1920–2012
कृतियाँ
- 1975“अर्थ” का अर्थ
जुड़वाँ पृथ्वी: अर्थ सिर के भीतर ही नहीं होते।
वैट में मस्तिष्क – और हम ऐसे मस्तिष्क क्यों नहीं हो सकते।
मत
Putnam shaped several debates at once. In philosophy of mind he proposed functionalism: mental states are defined by their causal role, not by the material that realises them – which is why minds could in principle run on different “hardware.” In philosophy of language his Twin Earth thought experiment showed that what our words mean depends on the world and the linguistic community, not only on what is in our heads: “meanings just ain’t in the head.” Later he turned against metaphysical realism and argued with the “brains in a vat” scenario that the sceptical hypothesis refutes itself. Putnam’s path from scientific realism to a pragmatist “internal realism” makes him one of the most stimulating thinkers of analytic philosophy.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Putnam was born in Chicago in 1926 and took his doctorate at UCLA under Hans Reichenbach. After teaching at Princeton and MIT he spent most of his career at Harvard from 1965. He worked across mathematical logic, philosophy of science, mind and language, and was known for openly revising his own positions; he was also politically active in the 1960s.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Minds and Machines (1960)
- The Meaning of “Meaning” (1975)
- Reason, Truth and History (1981)
- Representation and Reality (1988)
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