पॉल फेएराबेंड
कोई एक वैज्ञानिक पद्धति नहीं है: प्रमुख प्रगतियों ने स्वीकृत नियम तोड़े, इसलिए जो एकमात्र नियम सदा सही रहता है वह विडंबनापूर्ण “कुछ भी चलता है” है।
पृष्ठभूमि
“अगेंस्ट मेथड” (1975): पद्धति का कोई नियम बिना अपवाद के नहीं टिकता – केवल विडंबनापूर्ण “कुछ भी चलता है” बचा रहता है; उन्होंने इसे ज्ञानमीमांसीय अराजकतावाद कहा।
मुख्य विचार
- कुछ भी चलता है
- पद्धतिगत बहुलवाद
गुरु: कार्ल पॉपर
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Feyerabend grounded his principle of proliferation – develop rival theories to test accepted ones – in Mill’s defence of free discussion in On Liberty (Against Method, 1975). P. K. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल › 1806–1873
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Feyerabend, who had planned to study with Wittgenstein in Cambridge, gave an early long account of the Philosophical Investigations (‘Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations’, 1955). P. K. Feyerabend, “Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations”, Philosophical Review 64 (1955); Killing Time (1995); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन › 1889–1951
थॉमस एस. कुहन
जिनसे प्रभावित
At Berkeley Feyerabend commented on Kuhn’s draft of Structure (letters, 1960–61); both introduced ‘incommensurability’ in 1962, and Feyerabend later criticised Kuhn’s normal science (‘Consolations for the Specialist’, 1970). P. Hoyningen-Huene (ed.), “Two Letters of Paul Feyerabend to Thomas S. Kuhn on a Draft of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 26 (1995); P. K. Feyerabend, “Explanation, Reduction and Empiricism” (1962); “Consolations for the Specialist” (1970); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
थॉमस एस. कुहन › 1922–1996
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
कार्ल पॉपर जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Feyerabend came to the London School of Economics in 1952–53 on a British Council scholarship to study with Popper – he had hoped to work with Wittgenstein, who died in 1951 – and defended Popper’s views for some years before turning against them. P. Feyerabend, Killing Time (1995)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जिनकी आलोचना की
Feyerabend argued that Popper’s falsificationism, applied strictly, would have wiped out science, since every theory conflicts with some known facts (Against Method, 1975, ch. 5). P. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975), ch. 5; “Consolations for the Specialist”, in I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (1970)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्ल पॉपर › 1902–1994
इम्रे लक़तोस जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Feyerabend dedicated Against Method (1975) to Lakatos, ‘friend and fellow-anarchist’, as his half of a planned joint debate book, For and Against Method (publ. 1999). P. K. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975); I. Lakatos and P. K. Feyerabend, For and Against Method (ed. M. Motterlini, 1999); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Feyerabend argued that Lakatos’s methodology of research programmes is ‘anarchism in disguise’, since it gives no rule for when a degenerating programme must be abandoned (Against Method, 1975). P. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975), ch. 16 (the book is dedicated to Lakatos); I. Lakatos & P. Feyerabend, For and Against Method (1999)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इम्रे लक़तोस › 1922–1974
कृतियाँ
- 1975अगेंस्ट मेथड
कुछ भी चलता है: अराजकतावादी उद्यम के रूप में विज्ञान।
मत
Feyerabend started as a Popperian and became the most provocative critic of scientific method. Studying episodes like Galileo’s defence of Copernicus, he argued that great scientific advances often succeeded precisely because researchers broke the rules philosophers had laid down for them. There is no single method that guarantees progress; if any principle holds in all circumstances it is the deliberately ironic “anything goes.” This epistemological anarchism was meant less as chaos than as a plea for pluralism: competing theories, traditions and ways of life should keep each other honest. Feyerabend also demanded that democratic societies should not leave the authority of science unchecked. His writings remain a challenge to every claim of methodological monopoly.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Feyerabend was born in Vienna in 1924 and was badly wounded as a soldier in the Second World War. After studies in Vienna, where he also pursued singing and theatre, he went to London to work with Popper. From 1958 he taught at Berkeley for more than three decades, later also at ETH Zurich. He wrote a frank autobiography, Killing Time, shortly before his death.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Against Method (1975)
- Science in a Free Society (1978)
- Farewell to Reason (1987)
- Killing Time (1995)
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