जी. ई. एम. एन्सकॉम्ब
आधुनिक नैतिकता बिना विधि-निर्माता के कर्तव्य की बात करती है; हमें चरित्र और सद्गुण की ओर लौटना चाहिए, और पूछना चाहिए कि लोग कर्म करते समय क्या इरादा रखते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
“आधुनिक नैतिक दर्शन” (1958) ने सद्गुण-नीति को पुनर्जीवित किया और “परिणामवाद” शब्द गढ़ा।
मुख्य विचार
- आशय
- सद्गुण-नीति का पुनरुद्धार
- परिणामवाद (शब्द के रूप में)
गुरु: लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन
शिष्य: चार्ल्स टेलर
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Anscombe took Aristotle’s practical syllogism as a model of intentional action (Intention, 1957) and urged that ethics start from psychology and the virtues (‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, 1958). G. E. M. Anscombe, Intention (1957); “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958); SEP “Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
थामस एक्विनास
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Anscombe adopted Aquinas’s account of practical knowledge as ‘the cause of what it understands’ (Intention, 1957) and defended his principle of double effect (‘War and Murder’, 1961). G. E. M. Anscombe, Intention (1957); “War and Murder”, in W. Stein (ed.), Nuclear Weapons: A Catholic Response (1961); SEP “Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe”; SEP “Doctrine of Double Effect”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
थामस एक्विनास › लगभग 1225–1274
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा ✓
Anscombe moved to Newnham College, Cambridge, in 1942 as a research student and attended Wittgenstein’s lectures, which she said freed her from phenomenalism; she became one of his closest students, translated the Philosophical Investigations (1953) and was one of his literary executors. SEP “Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe”; R. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (1990)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन › 1889–1951
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
गेऑर्ग हेनरिक फ़ॉन व्राइट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Von Wright developed Anscombe’s practical syllogism from Intention (1957) into a teleological model of understanding action, set against causal explanation (Explanation and Understanding, 1971). G. H. von Wright, Explanation and Understanding (1971); G. E. M. Anscombe, Intention (1957)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गेऑर्ग हेनरिक फ़ॉन व्राइट › 1916–2003
फ़िलिप्पा फ़ुट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Foot took up Anscombe’s call for an ethics of the virtues and her ‘Aristotelian necessities’, grounding moral evaluation in facts about human life (Natural Goodness, 2001). P. Foot, Natural Goodness (2001); G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958); “On Promising and Its Justice” (1969); SEP “Philippa Foot”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
फ़िलिप्पा फ़ुट › 1920–2010
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
MacIntyre took up Anscombe’s thesis that the moral ‘ought’ survives from a lost law conception of ethics in diagnosing modern moral discourse (After Virtue, 1981). A. MacIntyre, After Virtue (1981); G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958); SEP “Virtue Ethics”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर › 1929–2025
चार्ल्स टेलर जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Taylor’s biography at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna names Anscombe, with Isaiah Berlin, as supervisor of his Oxford DPhil (1961), the basis of The Explanation of Behaviour (1964); other accounts name Berlin alone, so her formal role is uncertain. IWM Vienna, “Charles Taylor – Short Biography”; R. Abbey, Charles Taylor (2000)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
चार्ल्स टेलर › जन्म 1931
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
डोनाल्ड डेविडसन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Davidson rejected the view, associated with Anscombe’s Intention (1957), that reasons are not causes: rationalisation is a species of causal explanation (‘Actions, Reasons, and Causes’, 1963). D. Davidson, “Actions, Reasons, and Causes”, Journal of Philosophy 60 (1963), 685–700; G. E. M. Anscombe, Intention (1957)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डोनाल्ड डेविडसन › 1917–2003
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
इमानुएल कांट
जिनकी आलोचना की
Anscombe called Kant’s idea of legislating for oneself absurd and objected that universalisability is useless without a rule on relevant descriptions of an act (‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, 1958). G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958), 1–19
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
जिनकी आलोचना की
Anscombe held that Mill, like Kant, ignores the need to stipulate which description of an act is relevant, so his principle lacks content (‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, 1958). G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958), 1–19
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल › 1806–1873
हेनरी सिजविक
जिनकी आलोचना की
Anscombe faulted Sidgwick for denying any moral difference between intended and foreseen consequences, the step that opened the way to what she named ‘consequentialism’ (‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, 1958). G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958), 1–19; H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हेनरी सिजविक › 1838–1900
कृतियाँ
- 1957आशय
आशयपूर्वक कर्म करने का क्या अर्थ है? एक वर्णन के अंतर्गत।
विधायक के बिना कोई नैतिक “चाहिए” नहीं – अरस्तू की ओर वापसी।
मत
Anscombe’s short book Intention founded modern action theory: an action is intentional “under a description,” and the question “Why?” – answered with a reason – reveals it. In her essay “Modern Moral Philosophy” she argued that the moral “ought” of duty-based ethics is a relic of a divine law conception that modern philosophers no longer believe in. Without a lawgiver, she suggested, moral philosophy should start again with psychology and the virtues, as in Aristotle. In the same essay she coined the term “consequentialism” for a view she rejected – including the idea that any act might be justified by its good outcomes. Her essay sparked the revival of virtue ethics; Foot and MacIntyre built on it.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in Limerick in 1919, Anscombe studied at Oxford, converted to Catholicism and went to Cambridge, where she became one of Wittgenstein’s closest students. She translated the Philosophical Investigations and was one of his literary executors. After many years at Oxford she held Wittgenstein’s former chair in Cambridge from 1970 to 1986. She was married to the philosopher Peter Geach.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Intention (1957)
- Modern Moral Philosophy (1958)
- An Introduction to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus (1959)
- The First Person (1975)
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