गेऑर्ग हेनरिक फ़ॉन व्राइट

कृतियाँ

• 1951डिऑन्टिक लॉजिक (कर्तव्य-तर्कशास्त्र)

  माइंड में लेख जो दायित्व, अनुमति और निषेध को आवश्यकता और संभावना के अनुरूप तार्किक संकारकों के रूप में बरतता है और उन्हें जोड़ने वाले नियम रखता है – एक विषय के रूप में कर्तव्य-तर्कशास्त्र का आरंभ-बिंदु।

• 1971व्याख्या और समझ

  कारणात्मक व्याख्या की “गैलीलीय” परंपरा की तुलना प्रयोजनात्मक समझ की “अरस्तूवादी” परंपरा से करता है और तर्क देता है कि कर्मों को व्यावहारिक न्याय-अनुमान – कर्ता के आशय और विश्वासों – से समझा जाता है, जो कोई कारण-नियम नहीं है।

मत

Von Wright is on the map as a founder of modern philosophical logic and a bridge between analytic philosophy and the hermeneutic tradition. In “Deontic Logic” (1951) he showed that the concepts of obligation, permission and prohibition behave like the modal concepts of necessity and possibility and can be treated in a formal system; the paper launched modern deontic logic as a field (an earlier attempt was Ernst Mally’s “Grundgesetze des Sollens”, 1926, from Meinong’s school in Graz), and “Norm and Action” (1963) placed it within a general theory of norms. He also contributed to the logic of preference, of action and of time. In “Explanation and Understanding” (1971) he contrasted a “Galilean” tradition of causal explanation with an “Aristotelian” tradition of teleological understanding and argued, building on Anscombe’s “Intention”, that actions are understood through the practical syllogism: an agent intends an end and believes that a certain action is needed for it, and so sets about doing it – a connection that is logical, not causal. The book was widely discussed by hermeneutic philosophers, among them Paul Ricoeur, and helped to bring the two traditions into conversation. As an editor of Wittgenstein’s papers he shaped how Wittgenstein’s later work became known. His student Jaakko Hintikka continued the Finnish tradition in logic.

जीवन और संदर्भ

Georg Henrik von Wright was born on 14 June 1916 in Helsinki into a Swedish-speaking family. He studied philosophy with Eino Kaila and in 1939 went to Cambridge, where he attended Wittgenstein’s lectures and came to know G. E. Moore and C. D. Broad. His doctoral thesis, “The Logical Problem of Induction”, appeared in 1941. He became professor in Helsinki in 1946 and in 1948 succeeded Wittgenstein as professor of philosophy at Cambridge, returning to Finland in 1951. With Elizabeth Anscombe and Rush Rhees he was one of Wittgenstein’s literary executors and edited many of his posthumous writings. From 1961 he was a member of the Academy of Finland, and from 1965 to 1977 he also held a visiting professorship at Cornell University. In Finland and Sweden he was a prominent public intellectual and a critic of the belief in technological progress. He died in Helsinki on 16 June 2003.

अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ

• The Logical Problem of Induction (1941)
• An Essay in Modal Logic (1951)
• Deontic Logic (Mind 60, 1951)
• Norm and Action (1963)
• The Varieties of Goodness (1963)
• Explanation and Understanding (1971)
• Wittgenstein (1982)