ऐलिस क्रैरी
संसार को सही ढंग से देखना पहले से ही एक नैतिक उपलब्धि है, और पशुओं के जीवन ऐसा अर्थ रखते हैं जिसे निर्लिप्त, संख्या-गणना वाली नीतिशास्त्र नहीं देख सकती।
पृष्ठभूमि
न्यू स्कूल की विट्गेंश्टाइनवादी नैतिक दार्शनिक: संसार को सही ढंग से देखना पहले से ही नैतिक कार्य है, पशु “नीतिशास्त्र के भीतर” हैं – और प्रभावी परोपकार की संख्या-गणना संरचनात्मक अन्याय को चूक जाती है।
मुख्य विचार
- नैतिक प्रत्यक्षण और “व्यापक” वस्तुनिष्ठता
- नीतिशास्त्र के भीतर पशु
- प्रभावी परोपकार की आलोचना
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Crary co-edited The New Wittgenstein (2000) and drew on Wittgenstein to argue that moral thought pervades our concepts, not only explicit judgements (Beyond Moral Judgment, 2007). A. Crary and R. Read (eds.), The New Wittgenstein (2000); A. Crary, Beyond Moral Judgment (2007)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लुडविग विट्गेंश्टाइन › 1889–1951
थियोडोर डब्ल्यू. एडोर्नो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Crary joined Wittgenstein’s later thought with Frankfurt School critical theory, defending a ‘wide’ conception of rationality on which social critique can be objective (‘Wittgenstein Goes to Frankfurt’, 2018). A. Crary, “Wittgenstein Goes to Frankfurt (and Finds Something Useful to Say)”, Nordic Wittgenstein Review 7 (2018); Inside Ethics (2016)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थियोडोर डब्ल्यू. एडोर्नो › 1903–1969
आइरिस मर्डोक
जिनसे प्रभावित
Crary followed Murdoch in holding that moral work lies in learning to see situations justly, so that the world, rightly perceived, has moral features (Beyond Moral Judgment, 2007). A. Crary, Beyond Moral Judgment (2007); I. Murdoch, The Sovereignty of Good (1970)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आइरिस मर्डोक › 1919–1999
हिलरी पट्नम
जिनसे प्रभावित
Crary, whose Harvard undergraduate thesis Putnam supervised, shared his rejection of the fact–value dichotomy, arguing that moral concepts reveal real features of the world (Beyond Moral Judgment, 2007). A. Crary, Beyond Moral Judgment (2007); H. Putnam, The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy (2002)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हिलरी पट्नम › 1926–2016
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
पीटर सिंगर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Crary objected that Singer ranks beings by individual capacities, a ‘moral individualism’ that does justice neither to animals nor to people with severe cognitive disabilities (Inside Ethics, 2016). A. Crary, Inside Ethics: On the Demands of Moral Thought (2016)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पीटर सिंगर › जन्म 1946
कृतियाँ
- 2016इनसाइड एथिक्स
पशु और मनुष्य “नीतिशास्त्र के भीतर” हैं: उनकी नैतिक हैसियत क्षमताओं की किसी तटस्थ सूची में नहीं, बल्कि उनके जीवन की ऐसी समझ में दिखती है जो पहले से नैतिक है।
मत
Crary rejects the widespread view that moral thinking consists in applying principles to morally neutral facts. Following Wittgenstein, Iris Murdoch and Cora Diamond, she argues in “Beyond Moral Judgment” and “Inside Ethics” that the world, rightly perceived, already contains morally significant features: learning to see a situation justly, with the right concepts and sensibilities, is itself moral work, and emotions can be ways of knowing. Applied to animals, this means that what animals are and what we owe them cannot be read off neutral lists of capacities. Animals are “inside ethics” – beings whose lives have a meaning that an attentive observer can perceive – and the same holds for human beings with severe cognitive disabilities, whom capacity-based arguments tend to degrade. “Animal Crisis”, written with Lori Gruen, links the treatment of animals with racism, colonialism and environmental destruction. She is also one of the most prominent critics of effective altruism: in essays and in a volume co-edited with Carol J. Adams and Gruen she argues that its quantifying approach overlooks structural injustice and the knowledge of affected communities, and that longtermism diverts attention from present harms.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Alice Crary (born 1967) studied philosophy at Harvard, where Hilary Putnam supervised her undergraduate thesis on Wittgenstein and Stanley Cavell was among her teachers, and took her doctorate at the University of Pittsburgh in 1999 under John McDowell. She has taught at the New School for Social Research in New York since 2000, chaired its philosophy department and is now Walter A. Eberstadt University Distinguished Professor of Philosophy; in 2018–19 she held a professorship at Regent’s Park College, Oxford. Her work connects Wittgensteinian moral philosophy with feminism, animal ethics, disability studies and critical theory.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The New Wittgenstein (ed. with Rupert Read, 2000)
- Beyond Moral Judgment (2007)
- Inside Ethics (2016)
- Animal Crisis (with Lori Gruen, 2022)
- The Good It Promises, the Harm It Does (ed. with Carol J. Adams and Lori Gruen, 2023)
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