पियर बेल
कोई धार्मिक या दार्शनिक मत-सिद्धांत सिद्ध नहीं किया जा सकता, इसलिए हर किसी को, नास्तिक तक को, सहिष्णुता और अपने अंतःकरण का अनुसरण करने की स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार है।
पृष्ठभूमि
रॉटरडैम में ह्यूगेनॉट निर्वासित: उनके “ऐतिहासिक और आलोचनात्मक शब्दकोश” ने संशयवाद को हर हठधर्मिता के विरुद्ध मोड़ा और नास्तिकों तक के प्रति सहिष्णुता की पैरवी की।
मुख्य विचार
- संशयवाद
- भ्रमित अंतःकरण के अधिकार
- बुराई की समस्या
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
सेक्सटस एम्पिरिकस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Bayle’s article ‘Pyrrho’ (Dictionary, 1697) renewed the sceptical arguments preserved by Sextus and argued that reason cannot defend Christian doctrine, which rests on faith alone. P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Pyrrhon”; R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सेक्सटस एम्पिरिकस › लगभग 160–210
मान्तेन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Bayle drew on Montaigne’s Essays from the Various Thoughts on the Comet (1682) to the Dictionary (1697); C. B. Brush (1966) read his scepticism as variations on Montaigne’s. C. B. Brush, Montaigne and Bayle: Variations on the Theme of Skepticism (1966); S. Giocanti, on Bayle’s use of Montaigne, Libertinage et philosophie à l’époque classique 21 (2024)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मान्तेन › 1533–1592
फ़्रांसिस्को सांचेस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Bayle gave Francisco Sanches an article in his Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697), calling the author of That Nothing Is Known (1581) a ‘great Pyrrhonist’. P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Sanchez”; F. Sanches, Quod nihil scitur (1581); SEP “Francisco Sanches”
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फ़्रांसिस्को सांचेस › 1551–1623
रने देकार्त
जिनसे प्रभावित
Bayle taught Cartesian philosophy at Sedan and Rotterdam, and in his Dictionary (1697) turned the Cartesian arguments against sensible qualities against the reality of extension itself. P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Zénon d’Élée”, “Pyrrhon”; R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
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रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 3
बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Mandeville took from Bayle’s Various Thoughts on the Comet (1682) the view that people act from passions, not professed principles, which underlies The Fable of the Bees (1714). P. Bayle, Pensées diverses sur la comète (1682); B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees, ed. F. B. Kaye (1924), introduction; SEP “Bernard Mandeville”
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बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल › 1670–1733
वोल्तेर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Voltaire took up Bayle’s critical method against dogma, and in the Poem on the Lisbon Disaster (1756) invoked Bayle, who ‘teaches doubt’, against philosophical optimism. Voltaire, Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne (1756); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
वोल्तेर › 1694–1778
डेविड ह्यूम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In the Treatise (1739) Hume used Bayle’s Dictionary article ‘Spinoza’ to turn the charge of atheism back on the theologians’ doctrine of an immaterial soul. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), “Of the immateriality of the soul”; P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Spinoza”; SEP “Pierre Bayle”
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डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776
आलोचना
परस्पर आलोचना 1
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स ⇄ परस्पर
जिनकी आलोचना की
In the article ‘Rorarius’ of his Dictionnaire (1697; 2nd ed. 1702) Bayle questioned Leibniz’s pre-established harmony: how could a dog’s soul pass from pleasure to pain unprompted? P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique, art. “Rorarius”, remarks H and L; G. W. Leibniz, Éclaircissement (1698); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
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जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Leibniz’s Theodicy (1710) answered Bayle’s claim that reason cannot reconcile evil with a good God, arguing that faith and reason agree and this is the best possible world. G. W. Leibniz, Essais de Théodicée (1710), Discours préliminaire, Parts I–III; SEP “Leibniz on the Problem of Evil”
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गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स › 1646–1716
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा
जिनकी आलोचना की
Bayle called Spinoza’s single substance ‘the most absurd and monstrous hypothesis’: God would be both the Germans and the Turks killing each other (Dictionnaire, 1697, ‘Spinoza’). P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), art. “Spinoza”, remark N; SEP “Pierre Bayle”
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बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा › 1632–1677
कृतियाँ
पाद-टिप्पणियाँ संशयवाद के शस्त्रागार के रूप में – बुराई, स्पिनोज़ा और धर्म में तर्क की सीमाओं पर।
मत
Bayle used erudition as a weapon of doubt. In his Historical and Critical Dictionary the footnotes swell into long arguments showing that reason, pressed far enough, entangles itself in contradictions – above all when it tries to reconcile a good God with the evil in the world. Faith cannot be proved, only held. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which cost his brother his life, he argued for tolerance: even an erring conscience has rights, and a society of atheists could be morally decent. Leibniz wrote his Theodicy in reply, and the Enlightenment from Voltaire to Hume drew on his arsenal.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Pierre Bayle was born in 1647 in Le Carla in southern France, the son of a Calvinist pastor. Briefly a Catholic convert as a student in Toulouse, he returned to his faith and had to flee. After teaching at the Protestant academy of Sedan he settled in Rotterdam in 1681, where he taught at the Illustrious School, edited the learned journal Nouvelles de la République des Lettres (1684–87) and lost his professorship in 1693 after clashes with fellow Huguenots. He died there in 1706.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Various Thoughts on the Occasion of a Comet (1682)
- Philosophical Commentary on the Words “Compel Them to Come In” (1686)
- Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)
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