जॉन लॉक
लॉक के अनुसार, हमारे सभी विचार अनुभव से आते हैं, और सरकार केवल लोगों के जीवन, स्वतंत्रता और संपत्ति के प्राकृतिक अधिकारों की रक्षा के लिए है।
पृष्ठभूमि
मन एक कोरी पट्टी (tabula rasa) है; जीवन, स्वतंत्रता और संपत्ति के अधिकार तथा सहमति से शासन उदारवाद के संस्थापक विचार बने।
मुख्य विचार
- कोरी पट्टी
- प्राकृतिक अधिकार
- सहिष्णुता
- सहमति से शासन
शिष्य: शैफ़्ट्सबरी
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
फ्रांसिस बेकन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Locke’s ‘historical, plain method’ of describing the mind’s ideas in the Essay (1689) follows the Baconian natural history practised in the early Royal Society, as P. Anstey argues. J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689), Introduction; P. R. Anstey, John Locke and Natural Philosophy (2011); SEP “John Locke”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ्रांसिस बेकन › 1561–1626
हुगो ग्रोटियस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Locke worked out the property theory of the Two Treatises (1689) in dialogue with Grotius, whose On the Law of War and Peace he recommended for education (1693). J. Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689); Some Thoughts concerning Education (1693); J. Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and His Adversaries (1980); SEP “John Locke”
हुगो ग्रोटियस › 1583–1645
पियर गासेंदी
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित
During his years in France (1675–79) Locke met François Bernier, whose abridgement spread Gassendi’s philosophy; how much the Essay owes to Gassendi is disputed. F. Bernier, Abrégé de la philosophie de Gassendi (1674–78); R. W. Puster, Britische Gassendi-Rezeption am Beispiel John Lockes (1991); T. M. Lennon, The Battle of the Gods and Giants (1993); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
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पियर गासेंदी › 1592–1655
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 12
मोंतेस्क्यू
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Montesquieu’s account of the English constitution in The Spirit of the Laws (1748) is commonly read as recasting Locke’s legislative and executive powers into three separated powers. Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), Book XI; J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689); SEP “Montesquieu”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
मोंतेस्क्यू › 1689–1755
वोल्तेर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In the Philosophical Letters (1734) Voltaire praised Locke’s modest ‘history of the soul’ and his suggestion that God could give matter the power of thought. Voltaire, Lettres philosophiques (1734), “Sur M. Locke”; SEP “Voltaire”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
वोल्तेर › 1694–1778
जाँ-जाक रुसो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Rousseau’s Emile (1762) builds on ‘the wise Locke’ and his Some Thoughts concerning Education (1693), while rejecting its maxim of reasoning with children. J.-J. Rousseau, Émile ou De l’éducation (1762); J. Locke, Some Thoughts concerning Education (1693); SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
मोज़ेस मेंडेलसन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In Jerusalem (1783) Mendelssohn took up Locke’s distinction between state and church from the Letter concerning Toleration (1689), arguing that neither may coerce belief. M. Mendelssohn, Jerusalem oder über religiöse Macht und Judentum (1783); J. Locke, Epistola de tolerantia (1689); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मोज़ेस मेंडेलसन › 1729–1786
जॉन राल्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Rawls sought to carry the social contract of Locke, Rousseau and Kant ‘to a higher level of abstraction’ in the original position (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, ed. S. Freeman (2007)
जॉन राल्स › 1921–2002
रॉबर्ट नॉजिक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Nozick started from Locke’s state of nature and natural rights and reworked his proviso on just acquisition for an entitlement theory of justice (Anarchy, State, and Utopia, 1974). R. Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974); J. Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689); SEP “Libertarianism”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
रॉबर्ट नॉजिक › 1938–2002
सभी दिखाएँ (12)कम दिखाएँ
डैमरिस मैशम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Masham’s Occasional Thoughts (1705), written in Locke’s circle at Oates, argues in a Lockean spirit that women must understand the reasons for their religious and moral beliefs. D. Masham, Occasional Thoughts in Reference to a Vertuous or Christian Life (1705); SEP “Lady Damaris Masham”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डैमरिस मैशम › 1659–1708
जॉन टोलैंड
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Toland’s Christianity not Mysterious (1696) applied the theory of knowledge of Locke’s Essay to religion: nothing in the Gospel is contrary to reason or above it. J. Toland, Christianity not Mysterious (1696); J. Locke, replies to Stillingfleet (1697–99); S. H. Daniel, John Toland: His Methods, Manners, and Mind (1984)
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जॉन टोलैंड › 1670–1722
एमिली दु शातले
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In the Institutions de physique (1740) Du Châtelet set aside Locke’s modest view of metaphysics, arguing with Leibniz’s sufficient reason that Newtonian physics needs firmer metaphysical foundations. É. Du Châtelet, Institutions de physique (1740); R. Hagengruber (ed.), Emilie du Châtelet between Leibniz and Newton (2012); SEP “Émilie Du Châtelet”
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एमिली दु शातले › 1706–1749
डेनिस दिदरो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Diderot’s Letter on the Blind (1749) took up Molyneux’s question from Locke’s Essay and asked, through the blind mathematician Saunderson, how ideas depend on the senses. D. Diderot, Lettre sur les aveugles à l’usage de ceux qui voient (1749); SEP “Denis Diderot”; SEP “Molyneux’s Problem”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डेनिस दिदरो › 1713–1784
मेरी वुलस्टोनक्राफ़्ट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Wollstonecraft built on Locke’s view that the mind is formed by experience and education, arguing women’s apparent weakness is an effect of their upbringing (Rights of Woman, 1792). M. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792); SEP “Mary Wollstonecraft”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मेरी वुलस्टोनक्राफ़्ट › 1759–1797
डेरेक पारफ़िट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Parfit developed Locke’s memory criterion into psychological continuity – overlapping chains of memories, intentions and character – and asked whether identity is what matters (Reasons and Persons, 1984). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (2nd ed., 1694), “Of Identity and Diversity”; SEP “Locke on Personal Identity”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डेरेक पारफ़िट › 1942–2017
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 11
शैफ़्ट्सबरी जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
The first Earl of Shaftesbury put Locke, his physician and adviser, in charge of the education of his grandson, the later third Earl; the two remained friends until Locke’s death, although the pupil came to reject much of Locke’s philosophy. SEP “Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Shaftesbury wrote that Locke struck ‘the home blow’ by denying innate moral ideas and making virtue depend on fashion and custom (letter to Michael Ainsworth, 1709). Shaftesbury to M. Ainsworth, 3 June 1709, in Several Letters Written by a Noble Lord to a Young Man at the University (1716); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
शैफ़्ट्सबरी › 1671–1713
जार्ज बर्कली जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In the New Theory of Vision (1709) Berkeley took up Molyneux’s question from Locke’s Essay, agreeing with Locke’s negative answer and building his theory of vision on it. G. Berkeley, An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision (1709); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (2nd ed., 1694); SEP “Molyneux’s Problem”
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Berkeley rejected Locke’s abstract general ideas – a triangle neither oblique nor right-angled – and his distinction of primary and secondary qualities (Principles, 1710). G. Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge (1710), Introduction §§6–20, Part I §§9–15; J. Locke, Essay IV.vii.9; SEP “George Berkeley”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जार्ज बर्कली › 1685–1753
थॉमस रीड जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Reid kept Locke’s primary–secondary quality distinction but recast it: primary qualities are conceived directly, secondary only relatively (Essays on the Intellectual Powers, 1785). T. Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764); Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785); SEP “Thomas Reid”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
With the ‘brave officer’ Reid argued that Locke’s memory criterion of personal identity breaks transitivity: the general would be and not be the flogged boy (Essays, 1785, III.6). T. Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785), III.6; J. Locke, Essay II.xxvii; SEP “Thomas Reid”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थॉमस रीड › 1710–1796
डेविड ह्यूम जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Hume took over Locke’s principle that all ideas come from experience, recasting it as the thesis that every simple idea copies a prior impression (Treatise, 1739). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689); SEP “David Hume”
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Hume objected that Locke drew the idea of power from reasoning, though no reasoning can yield a new simple idea (Treatise, 1739, 1.3.14; Enquiry VII). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), 1.3.14; An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748), VII, note; J. Locke, Essay II.xxi
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डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776
इमानुएल कांट
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Kant objected that Locke derived the pure concepts of the understanding from experience, a ‘physiology’ of the understanding that cannot show their necessity (Critique of Pure Reason, 1781). I. Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, A ix; §§ 13–14 (B 118–119, B 127–128)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
जेरेमी बेन्थम जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Building on the empiricist psychology of Locke and Hume, Bentham took pleasure and pain as the ultimate motives and measures of action (Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789). J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689); IEP “Jeremy Bentham”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Bentham dismissed the original contract as a fiction (against Blackstone, 1776) and natural rights as ‘nonsense upon stilts’ (against the French Declaration), both central to Locke. J. Bentham, A Fragment on Government (1776), ch. I §§36–48; Nonsense upon Stilts (written c. 1795); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जेरेमी बेन्थम › 1748–1832
सभी दिखाएँ (11)कम दिखाएँ
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In the New Essays (written 1704, published 1765) Leibniz defended innate ideas against Locke: the mind is not a blank tablet but like veined marble. G. W. Leibniz, Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain (1704; publ. 1765), Preface and Book I
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स › 1646–1716
मैरी एस्टेल
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Astell attacked Locke’s suggestion that matter might think (The Christian Religion, 1705) and asked why, if all men are born free, women are born slaves (1706). M. Astell, The Christian Religion, as Profess’d by a Daughter of the Church of England (1705); Some Reflections upon Marriage, 3rd ed. (1706), Preface; SEP “Mary Astell”
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मैरी एस्टेल › 1666–1731
कैरोल पेटमैन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Pateman objected that Locke, rejecting Filmer’s paternal power, kept husbands’ natural conjugal right, as ‘the abler and the stronger’, outside the social contract (The Sexual Contract, 1988). C. Pateman, The Sexual Contract (1988); J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), § 82
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कैरोल पेटमैन › जन्म 1940
चार्ल्स डब्ल्यू. मिल्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Mills argued that Locke’s theory of property through labour let Native American land appear as vacant waste – part of a ‘racial contract’ (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), ch. V
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
चार्ल्स डब्ल्यू. मिल्स › 1951–2021
ब्रायन बर्कहार्ट
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Burkhart argued that Locke’s labour theory of property made Indigenous land appear unowned, a concept framed to exclude Indigenous peoples (Indigenizing Philosophy through the Land, 2019). B. Burkhart, Indigenizing Philosophy through the Land (2019); J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), ch. V
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ब्रायन बर्कहार्ट › समकालीन
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
अरस्तू
जिनकी आलोचना की
Locke denied that Aristotle’s syllogism is the instrument of reasoning: God did not leave it ‘to Aristotle to make them rational’ (An Essay concerning Human Understanding, 1689). J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689), IV.xvii.4
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
थॉमस हॉब्स जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Locke’s early Two Tracts on Government (1660–62) defended an absolute magistrate close to Hobbes; later he kept the state of nature and consent but denied reading Hobbes closely. J. Locke, Two Tracts on Government, ed. P. Abrams (1967); replies to Stillingfleet (1697–99); SEP “Locke’s Political Philosophy”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Locke set the state of nature apart from the state of war and rejected absolute rule as its remedy (Second Treatise, 1689, §§19, 93); Hobbes is not named. J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), §§13, 19, 90–94; SEP “Locke’s Political Philosophy”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थॉमस हॉब्स › 1588–1679
रने देकार्त जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
According to Damaris Masham, Descartes’ writings first gave Locke a relish for philosophy, for he found them intelligible even where he disagreed (letter to Le Clerc, 1705). D. Masham, letter to J. Le Clerc (Jan. 1705); M. Cranston, John Locke: A Biography (1957); SEP “John Locke”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Locke denied innate ideas (Essay, 1689, Book I) and, against the Cartesians, that the soul always thinks, since thinking is its action, not its essence (II.i.10). J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689), I.ii–iv, II.i.10–19; SEP “John Locke”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
कृतियाँ
- 1689शासन पर दो ग्रंथ
फ़िल्मर के पितृसत्तात्मक राजाओं के दैवी अधिकार के विरुद्ध: जीवन, स्वतंत्रता, संपत्ति – और प्रतिरोध का अधिकार।
चर्च और राज्य का पृथक्करण।
कोई जन्मजात विचार नहीं: सारा ज्ञान अनुभव से आता है।
मत
Locke asked where our ideas come from and answered: from experience. At birth the mind is like a blank sheet; all ideas arise from sensation and reflection, and we should not claim knowledge beyond what they warrant. He distinguished primary qualities of bodies from secondary qualities and examined personal identity through consciousness and memory. In politics he argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty and property, and that government exists by consent to protect them; a government that violates them may be resisted. His plea for religious toleration was equally influential. Locke is often counted the father of empiricism and of political liberalism, and the American founders drew on him. He was also an investor in the slave-trading Royal African Company and was involved in drafting the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669), which gave every freeman “absolute power and authority” over the people he held in slavery; his labour theory of property was used to justify taking Native American land.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in 1632 in Wrington, Somerset, Locke studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and trained in medicine. As physician and adviser to the Earl of Shaftesbury he became involved in Whig politics and had to flee to the Netherlands in 1683. He returned after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and published his major works in quick succession. He died in 1704.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- A Letter Concerning Toleration (1689)
- Two Treatises of Government (1689)
- An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689)
- Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693)
- The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695)
इनमें आता है
- यात्रा ‘संदेह और आत्म’ · 10 में से पड़ाव 4
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