जेरेमी बेन्थम
उचित कर्म वह है जो सबसे अधिक लोगों के लिए सबसे अधिक सुख लाए – और सुख तथा पीड़ा को मापा और तुलना किया जा सकता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
शास्त्रीय उपयोगितावाद के संस्थापक: अधिकतम लोगों का अधिकतम सुख विधि और नैतिकता का मापदंड है।
मुख्य विचार
- उपयोगिता का सिद्धांत
- सुख-गणना
- पैनॉप्टिकॉन
शिष्य: जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
डेविड ह्यूम
जिनसे प्रभावित
On reading Hume’s Treatise, Bentham felt ‘as if scales had fallen’ from his eyes: utility was the test of virtue (A Fragment on Government, 1776). J. Bentham, A Fragment on Government (1776); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Book III (1740); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776
शेजारे बेक्कारिया
जिनसे प्रभावित
Bentham took up Beccaria’s formula of ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest number’ and his case for proportionate punishment (Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789). C. Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene (1764); J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); H. L. A. Hart, “Bentham and Beccaria”, in Essays on Bentham (1982)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
शेजारे बेक्कारिया › 1738–1794
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Mill was taught by his father James Mill, not by Bentham, but grew up in Bentham’s circle; he called his reading of Bentham’s Traités de législation (ed. Dumont) in 1821–22 an epoch in his life and in 1825–27 edited Bentham’s Rationale of Judicial Evidence. A mentorship rather than formal teaching. J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873), chs. 3–4
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल › 1806–1873
हेनरी सिजविक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Sidgwick took Bentham’s utilitarianism, with its impartial count of everyone’s happiness, as one of the three methods he examined in The Methods of Ethics (1874). H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); Outlines of the History of Ethics (1886); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
हेनरी सिजविक › 1838–1900
लियांग छिचाओ
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In 1902 Liang introduced Bentham’s utilitarianism to Chinese readers in Xinmin congbao (“The Doctrine of Bentham, Master of Utilitarianism”), reworking it rather than simply adopting it. Liang Qichao, “Leli zhuyi taidou Bianqin zhi xueshuo”, Xinmin congbao (1902)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लियांग छिचाओ › 1873–1929
पीटर सिंगर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Singer made Bentham’s question ‘Can they suffer?’ and the maxim, ascribed to Bentham, that each counts for one the basis of equal consideration for animals (Animal Liberation, 1975). P. Singer, Animal Liberation (1975); J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”; SEP “The Moral Status of Animals”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
पीटर सिंगर › जन्म 1946
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 3
हरबर्ट स्पेंसर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Spencer objected that Bentham’s greatest-happiness principle gives no guidance, since happiness is undefinable, and put the law of equal freedom in its place (Social Statics, 1851). H. Spencer, Social Statics (1851), Introduction (“The Doctrine of Expediency”), ch. 4
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हरबर्ट स्पेंसर › 1820–1903
जॉन राल्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Rawls objected that Bentham’s classical utilitarianism applies one person’s principle of choice to society and ‘does not take seriously the distinction between persons’ (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), §§ 5–6, 30
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन राल्स › 1921–2002
बर्नार्ड विलियम्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Williams argued that utilitarianism as founded by Bentham sums welfare impersonally and leaves no room for agents’ own projects and integrity (Utilitarianism: For and Against, 1973). B. Williams, “A Critique of Utilitarianism”, in J. J. C. Smart & B. Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (1973); Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (1985), ch. 5
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बर्नार्ड विलियम्स › 1929–2003
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
जॉन लॉक जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Building on the empiricist psychology of Locke and Hume, Bentham took pleasure and pain as the ultimate motives and measures of action (Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789). J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689); IEP “Jeremy Bentham”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनकी आलोचना की
Bentham dismissed the original contract as a fiction (against Blackstone, 1776) and natural rights as ‘nonsense upon stilts’ (against the French Declaration), both central to Locke. J. Bentham, A Fragment on Government (1776), ch. I §§36–48; Nonsense upon Stilts (written c. 1795); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
कृतियाँ
पीड़ा और सुख संप्रभु स्वामी के रूप में – उपयोगिता का सिद्धांत।
- 1791पैनॉप्टिकॉन
ऐसे कारागार का नक़्शा जिसमें हर किसी पर किसी भी समय नज़र रखी जा सके।
मत
Bentham held that nature has placed mankind under two masters, pain and pleasure. The principle of utility follows: actions and laws are right insofar as they produce the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Pleasures and pains can in principle be measured by intensity, duration, certainty and other dimensions, in a “felicific calculus”. On this basis Bentham criticised traditional law, called natural rights “nonsense upon stilts” and advocated reforms of the penal system, democracy, legal codification and animal welfare. His design for the Panopticon prison later became a symbol of surveillance through Foucault. He founded classical utilitarianism, refined by his pupil John Stuart Mill.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in London in 1748, Bentham entered Oxford at twelve and trained as a lawyer but never practised; he devoted his life to reforming law and institutions. Financially independent, he wrote enormous quantities of manuscripts and gathered reformers such as James Mill around him. His ideas shaped the spirit of University College London, where his preserved body is still displayed. He died in 1832.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- A Fragment on Government (1776)
- An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)
- Panopticon (1791)
- Constitutional Code (1830)
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