थॉमस रीड
कुछ मूल विश्वास, जैसे कि बाहरी संसार अस्तित्व रखता है, केवल सामान्य बुद्धि हैं – हम उन्हें सिद्ध नहीं कर सकते, पर उनके बिना जी भी नहीं सकते।
पृष्ठभूमि
स्कॉटिश सामान्य-बोध संप्रदाय के संस्थापक: ह्यूम के विरुद्ध उन्होंने उन आदि सिद्धांतों का बचाव किया जिन्हें हर किसी को मानकर चलना पड़ता है, जैसे बाहरी संसार का अस्तित्व।
मुख्य विचार
- सामान्य बोध
- प्रत्यक्ष यथार्थवाद
- “विचारों के सिद्धांत” की आलोचना
प्रभाव
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
फ़्रीडरिश हाइनरिष याकोबी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Jacobi drew on Scottish common-sense philosophy, Reid’s included, for his realist thesis in David Hume (1787) that perception gives immediate certainty of things, as M. Kuehn has shown. F. H. Jacobi, David Hume über den Glauben (1787); M. Kuehn, Scottish Common Sense in Germany, 1768–1800 (1987); G. di Giovanni, “Hume, Jacobi, and Common Sense” (1998)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
फ़्रीडरिश हाइनरिष याकोबी › 1743–1819
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
जॉन लॉक जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Reid kept Locke’s primary–secondary quality distinction but recast it: primary qualities are conceived directly, secondary only relatively (Essays on the Intellectual Powers, 1785). T. Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764); Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785); SEP “Thomas Reid”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनकी आलोचना की
With the ‘brave officer’ Reid argued that Locke’s memory criterion of personal identity breaks transitivity: the general would be and not be the flogged boy (Essays, 1785, III.6). T. Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785), III.6; J. Locke, Essay II.xxvii; SEP “Thomas Reid”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
जार्ज बर्कली
जिनकी आलोचना की
Reid traced Berkeley’s denial of matter to the ‘ideal system’, the assumption that we perceive only ideas, which he rejected for common-sense direct realism (Inquiry, 1764). T. Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764), Dedication, ch. I; Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785), II.10; SEP “Thomas Reid”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जार्ज बर्कली › 1685–1753
डेविड ह्यूम
जिनकी आलोचना की
Reid argued that Hume’s scepticism follows from the theory of ideas and answered it with first principles of common sense (Inquiry into the Human Mind, 1764). T. Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764), Dedication, chs. I and VII; SEP “Thomas Reid”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776
कृतियाँ
इंद्रियाँ हमें स्वयं संसार देती हैं, केवल विचार नहीं – बर्कली और ह्यूम के संशयवाद के विरुद्ध।
मत
Reid traced modern skepticism to one assumption shared by Descartes, Locke, Berkeley and Hume: that the mind perceives only its own ideas, never things themselves. Give up this “theory of ideas”, he argued, and perception turns out to be a direct grasp of the external world. Some principles – that there is an outer world, that memory is broadly reliable, that other people have minds – are first principles of common sense that all reasoning presupposes and none can prove. Doubting them is not more rigorous, merely inconsistent. His work founded the Scottish School of Common Sense and has found new defenders in contemporary epistemology.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Thomas Reid was born in 1710 at Strachan near Aberdeen, studied at Marischal College and served for years as a parish minister. In 1751 he became a professor at King’s College, Aberdeen, where he helped found a philosophical society that debated Hume’s work. In 1764 he succeeded Adam Smith in the chair of moral philosophy at Glasgow. He died in Glasgow in 1796.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense (1764)
- Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785)
- Essays on the Active Powers of Man (1788)
इनमें आता है
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है