आइज़क न्यूटन
गति और गुरुत्व के वही सरल नियम गिरते सेब और ग्रहों दोनों को संचालित करते हैं – और विज्ञान को नियम बताने चाहिए, छिपे कारण गढ़ने नहीं।
पृष्ठभूमि
सार्वभौमिक गुरुत्वाकर्षण और प्रकृति के गणितीय नियम – प्रबोधन का आदर्श।
मुख्य विचार
- गुरुत्वाकर्षण
- “Hypotheses non fingo”
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
निकोलस कोपरनिकस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Newton gave the Copernican arrangement of the planets a dynamical basis by deriving planetary motion around the sun from universal gravitation (Principia, 1687). I. Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687); SEP “Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica”; SEP “Nicolaus Copernicus”
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निकोलस कोपरनिकस › 1473–1543
गैलीलियो गैलिली
जिनसे प्रभावित
Newton credited Galileo with having used the first two laws of motion to find the law of fall and the parabolic path of projectiles (Principia, 1687). I. Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687); Galileo, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze (1638); SEP “Isaac Newton”
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गैलीलियो गैलिली › 1564–1642
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 5
एमिली दु शातले
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Du Châtelet translated Newton’s Principia into French with a commentary of her own, completed shortly before her death in 1749 and published in 1756/1759. I. Newton, Principes mathématiques de la philosophie naturelle, tr. É. Du Châtelet (1756/1759); SEP “Émilie Du Châtelet”
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एमिली दु शातले › 1706–1749
डेविड ह्यूम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Hume subtitled his Treatise (1739) ‘an attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects’, modelling his science of man on Newton’s natural philosophy. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), title page; SEP “David Hume”
डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776
इमानुएल कांट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Kant’s Universal Natural History (1755) explained the origin of the planetary system by Newtonian attraction plus a repulsive force, a question Newton had left to God. I. Kant, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (1755); SEP “Kant’s Philosophy of Science”
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Einstein kept Newton’s mechanics as a limiting case while replacing absolute space and time with relativistic spacetime and gravitation with curvature (‘Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie’, 1916). A. Einstein, “Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Annalen der Physik 49 (1916); “Autobiographical Notes” (1949); SEP “Einstein’s Philosophy of Science”
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अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन › 1879–1955
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 3
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In his letters to Clarke (1715–16) Leibniz rejected Newton’s absolute space and a God who must mend his clockwork, and called gravitation without mechanism a perpetual miracle. Leibniz–Clarke Correspondence (1715–16), Leibniz’s letters 1–5
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गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स › 1646–1716
जार्ज बर्कली
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Berkeley attacked Newton’s fluxions as ‘ghosts of departed quantities’ (The Analyst, 1734) and rejected absolute space and motion (Principles, 1710, §§110–117; De motu, 1721). G. Berkeley, The Analyst (1734), §35; Principles (1710), §§110–117; De motu (1721); SEP “George Berkeley”
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जार्ज बर्कली › 1685–1753
अर्न्स्ट माक
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Mach rejected Newton’s absolute space and time as metaphysical, reinterpreting the rotating bucket through motion relative to the distant masses of the universe (Die Mechanik, 1883). E. Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung (1883), ch. II.6; SEP “Ernst Mach”
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अर्न्स्ट माक › 1838–1916
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
रने देकार्त जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Newton studied Descartes’ Géométrie and Principia philosophiae (1660s); his first law is close to Descartes’ laws of nature, and his title echoes Descartes’ (Principia, 1687). I. Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687); R. Descartes, Principia philosophiae (1644); R. S. Westfall, Never at Rest (1980); SEP “Isaac Newton”
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जिनकी आलोचना की
Newton argued that Descartes’ vortices cannot account for Kepler’s laws (Principia II, 1687), and rejected his identification of space with body (De gravitatione). I. Newton, Principia (1687) II, scholium to prop. 53; De gravitatione et aequipondio fluidorum; SEP “Newton’s Philosophy”
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रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
कृतियाँ
- 1687प्रिंसिपिया
गति के नियम और सार्वभौमिक गुरुत्वाकर्षण।
मत
Newton’s Principia showed that one set of mathematical laws – the laws of motion and universal gravitation – governs both a falling apple and the orbits of the planets. Heaven and earth obey the same physics. He set out rules of reasoning that ground general laws on observation and induction, and refused to speculate about the hidden cause of gravity: “I frame no hypotheses.” His assumption of absolute space and time sparked a famous debate with Leibniz. For the Enlightenment, Newton became the model of what human reason can achieve; Hume, Kant and Voltaire all measured philosophy against his achievement.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in 1643 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, Newton studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. In a few intense years he developed calculus, a theory of light and the beginnings of his mechanics. Later he became Master of the Royal Mint in London and President of the Royal Society. He died in 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia) (1687)
- Opticks (1704)
- General Scholium (1713)
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