Agoraविचारों का एक खुला चौक

डेरेक पारफ़िट

1942–2017

पहली झलकजानबूझकर सरलीकृत – परिचय में और विस्तार है

काल में व्यक्तिगत पहचान वह नहीं है जो मायने रखती है – और यह देखना हमें दूसरों की अधिक परवाह करवाता और मृत्यु से कम डरवाता है।

पृष्ठभूमि

विश्लेषणात्मक दर्शन · पूर्वी एशिया · नीतिशास्त्र, अस्तित्व और आत्म

रीज़न्स एंड पर्सन्स: व्यक्तिगत पहचान वह नहीं है जो मायने रखती है।

मुख्य विचार

  • व्यक्तियों के बारे में न्यूनीकरणवाद
  • घृणास्पद निष्कर्ष

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प्रभाव

जिनसे प्रभावित 4

  • गौतम बुद्ध

    जिनसे प्रभावित

    Parfit added an appendix “Buddha’s View” to Reasons and Persons (1984), quoting Buddhist texts to show that the Buddha had held the reductionist view of persons he defends. D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984), Appendix J “Buddha’s View”

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    गौतम बुद्ध › लगभग 480–400 ईसा पूर्व · प्रचलित तिथि 563–483 ईसा पूर्व

  • जॉन लॉक

    जिनसे प्रभावित

    Parfit developed Locke’s memory criterion into psychological continuity – overlapping chains of memories, intentions and character – and asked whether identity is what matters (Reasons and Persons, 1984). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (2nd ed., 1694), “Of Identity and Diversity”; SEP “Locke on Personal Identity”

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704

  • डेविड ह्यूम

    जिनसे प्रभावित

    Parfit’s reductionism about persons – identity is psychological and physical continuity, no further fact – is commonly compared with Hume’s bundle view (Reasons and Persons, 1984). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40), “Of personal identity”; SEP “Personal Identity”

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776

  • हेनरी सिजविक

    जिनसे प्रभावित

    Parfit took up Sidgwick’s ‘dualism of practical reason’ between egoism and impartial benevolence and sought to resolve it (Reasons and Persons, 1984; On What Matters, 2011). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); On What Matters (2011); H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    हेनरी सिजविक › 1838–1900

जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2

  • निक बॉस्ट्रॉम

    जिन्हें प्रभावित किया

    Bostrom used Parfit’s comparison of a war killing 99 per cent of humanity with one killing everyone to argue that reducing existential risk is a global priority (2013). N. Bostrom, “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority”, Global Policy 4 (2013); D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984)

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    निक बॉस्ट्रॉम › जन्म 1973

  • विलियम मैकएस्किल

    जिन्हें प्रभावित किया

    MacAskill built on Parfit’s population ethics, including the repugnant conclusion and the value of future generations, in his case for longtermism (What We Owe the Future, 2022). W. MacAskill, What We Owe the Future (2022); D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984)

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    विलियम मैकएस्किल › जन्म 1987

आलोचना

जिनकी आलोचना की 1

  • बर्नार्ड विलियम्स

    जिनकी आलोचना की

    Parfit rejected Williams’s view that all reasons are internal, grounded in motivations: reasons are given by facts that count in favour of acting (On What Matters, 2011). D. Parfit, “Reasons and Motivation”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. 71 (1997); On What Matters (2011), vol. 1; B. Williams, “Internal and External Reasons” (1980)

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    बर्नार्ड विलियम्स › 1929–2003

कृतियाँ

मत

In Reasons and Persons Parfit used thought experiments involving teleportation and brain division to argue that personal identity is not a deep further fact. A person is nothing over and above a body, a brain and psychological connections such as memory and character. What matters is this psychological continuity, which comes in degrees – and Parfit found this liberating, as the wall between himself and others became thinner. Its last part became a starting point of population ethics. There Parfit showed that principles which seem plausible imply the “Repugnant Conclusion”: for any population of people who all live very good lives, a much larger population whose lives are barely worth living would be better. The conclusion follows from premises that are hard to reject, yet it strikes most people, Parfit included, as unacceptable; he spent decades looking for a way out. His late work On What Matters argued that Kantians, consequentialists and contractualists are “climbing the same mountain on different sides.”

जीवन और संदर्भ

Parfit was born in 1942 in Chengdu, China, to British medical missionaries and grew up in Oxford. He first studied history before turning to philosophy. Almost his entire career was spent at All Souls College, Oxford, with regular visiting positions at Harvard, New York University and Rutgers. He was famous for working on his books with extreme perfectionism for many years.

अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ

  • Personal Identity (1971)
  • Reasons and Persons (1984)
  • On What Matters (2011)

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