फ्रांसिस हचेसन
एक नैतिक बोध हमें परोपकार का सीधे अनुमोदन करने देता है, अपने हित का विचार किए बिना, ठीक जैसे एक आंतरिक बोध विविधता में एकता के रूप में सौंदर्य को देखता है; सद्गुण को आत्म-प्रेम तक घटाया नहीं जा सकता, और सर्वोत्तम कर्म सबसे अधिक लोगों के लिए सबसे अधिक सुख लाता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
डबलिन और ग्लासगो के आयरिश मूल के दार्शनिक: एक “नैतिक बोध” हमें परोपकार का सीधे अनुमोदन करने देता है, जैसे सौंदर्य-बोध सामंजस्य को पहचानता है, बिना स्वार्थ की किसी गणना के; वह कर्म सर्वश्रेष्ठ है जो अधिकतम लोगों का अधिकतम सुख उत्पन्न करे।
मुख्य विचार
- नैतिक बोध
- अहंवाद के विरुद्ध परोपकार
- सौंदर्य-बोध
- अधिकतम लोगों का अधिकतम सुख
शिष्य: एडम स्मिथ
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
शैफ़्ट्सबरी
जिनसे प्रभावित
The title page of Hutcheson’s Inquiry (1725) states that in it ‘the principles of the late Earl of Shaftesbury are explain’d and defended’ against Mandeville. F. Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725), title page; SEP “Francis Hutcheson”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
शैफ़्ट्सबरी › 1671–1713
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 3
डेविड ह्यूम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Hume grounded the morals of Treatise Book III (1740) in a moral sense, following Hutcheson, and discussed the manuscript with him in letters of 1739–40. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Book III (1740), “Moral distinctions deriv’d from a moral sense”; letters to F. Hutcheson (1739–40), in Letters, ed. J. Y. T. Greig (1932); SEP “Francis Hutcheson”
डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776
एडम स्मिथ जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Smith studied at Glasgow from 1737 to 1740 and attended Hutcheson’s lectures on moral philosophy; in 1787 he still spoke of ‘the never to be forgotten Dr Hutcheson’. A. Smith to A. Davidson, 16 Nov. 1787, in Correspondence of Adam Smith (Glasgow ed.); I. S. Ross, The Life of Adam Smith (1995)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडम स्मिथ › 1723–1790
इमानुएल कांट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In the Prize Essay (1764) Kant saw in Hutcheson’s ‘moral feeling’ a promising start towards the first material principles of morality, before developing his ethics of reason. I. Kant, Untersuchung über die Deutlichkeit der Grundsätze der natürlichen Theologie und der Moral (1764); SEP “Kant’s Moral Philosophy”
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल
जिनकी आलोचना की
Hutcheson’s Inquiry (1725) defended Shaftesbury ‘against the Author of the Fable of the Bees’, arguing that a moral sense approves benevolence independently of self-interest. F. Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725), title page and Treatise II; SEP “Francis Hutcheson”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल › 1670–1733
कृतियाँ
मैंडेविल के विरुद्ध शैफ़्ट्सबरी का बचाव करने वाले दो ग्रंथ: एक आंतरिक इंद्रिय सौंदर्य को “विविधता के बीच एकरूपता” के रूप में प्रत्यक्ष करती है, और एक नैतिक बोध परोपकार का अपने लाभ का विचार किए बिना अनुमोदन करता है; सर्वश्रेष्ठ कर्म “अधिकतम लोगों का अधिकतम सुख” उत्पन्न करता है।
नैतिक बोध, प्राकृतिक अधिकारों, परिवार और नागरिक शासन पर उनके ग्लासगो व्याख्यानों का मरणोपरांत सार; प्राकृतिक, युद्ध-जनित और वंशानुगत दासता के विरुद्ध उसके तर्क बाद में अमेरिका में दासता के विरोधियों ने पुनर्मुद्रित किए।
मत
Hutcheson is on the map as the systematic founder of moral sense theory and a teacher of the Scottish Enlightenment. Defending Shaftesbury against Mandeville, he argued in his “Inquiry” (1725) that we have, besides the external senses, inner senses: a sense of beauty, which perceives “uniformity amidst variety” in nature, art and mathematics, and a moral sense, which approves of benevolent motives immediately and disinterestedly, without regard to any advantage of our own. Virtue therefore cannot be reduced to self-love, as Hobbes and Mandeville claimed. In the same book he stated the principle that “that action is best which procures the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers”, later central to utilitarianism. His “Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions” (1728) analysed the passions and refined the theory. In his posthumous “System of Moral Philosophy” (1755) he set out natural rights, including a right of resistance and conditions under which colonies may become independent, and rejected the usual justifications of slavery – natural, war and hereditary slavery – with arguments that opponents of slavery later reprinted in America. Hume corresponded with him about the Treatise, Smith studied with him, and Kant in the 1760s saw his moral feeling as a promising starting point before developing his own ethics of reason.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Francis Hutcheson was born on 8 August 1694 at Drumalig in County Down, Ulster, the son of a Presbyterian minister. As a Dissenter he studied not at Trinity College Dublin but at the University of Glasgow (1711–17). Back in Ireland he ran a Dissenting academy in Dublin, where he wrote his first books in the circle of Robert Molesworth, a friend of Shaftesbury. In 1729 he was elected professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, where he was among the first to lecture in English rather than Latin; Adam Smith was one of his students. His liberal theology led to a heresy charge before the Glasgow presbytery in 1737–38, which came to nothing. He died in Dublin on 8 August 1746, during a visit to Ireland.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725)
- An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections, with Illustrations on the Moral Sense (1728)
- Philosophiae moralis institutio compendiaria (1742)
- A System of Moral Philosophy (1755)
नवंबर 2026 तक · स्रोत · इस पृष्ठ को बेहतर बनाएँ · Agora कैसे बना है