जार्ज बर्कली
मनों के बाहर कोई भौतिक संसार नहीं है; वस्तुएँ केवल उतनी ही अस्तित्व रखती हैं जितनी प्रत्यक्ष होती हैं, और ईश्वर सब कुछ सदा प्रत्यक्ष करता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
होना ही प्रत्यक्ष किया जाना है: मन से स्वतंत्र कोई पदार्थ नहीं है।
मुख्य विचार
- Esse est percipi
- अभौतिकवाद
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
रने देकार्त
जिनसे प्रभावित
Berkeley accepted the Cartesian starting point that we immediately perceive only our ideas, but used it to deny the material world Descartes had tried to prove (Principles, 1710). G. Berkeley, A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710); Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (1713); SEP “George Berkeley”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
निकोला मालब्रांश
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Like Malebranche, Berkeley made God the cause of our ideas of sense, but in the Three Dialogues (1713) he distinguished his view from seeing all things in God. G. Berkeley, Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (1713); Philosophical Commentaries (1707–08); SEP “George Berkeley”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
निकोला मालब्रांश › 1638–1715
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
डेविड ह्यूम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Hume adopted Berkeley’s account of abstract ideas as particular ideas that stand for others, praising it as a ‘valuable discovery’ (Treatise, 1739). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), “Of abstract ideas”; G. Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge (1710), Introduction; SEP “David Hume”
डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776
चार्ल्स सैंडर्स पियर्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Peirce reviewed Fraser’s edition of Berkeley’s Works (1871) and later, writing to James (1903), gave Berkeley more right than anyone to be called the introducer of pragmatism. C. S. Peirce, review of A. C. Fraser (ed.), The Works of George Berkeley, North American Review (1871); letter to W. James (1903); L. Friedman, “Pragmatism: The Unformulated Method of Bishop Berkeley”, Journal of the History of Philosophy (2003)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
चार्ल्स सैंडर्स पियर्स › 1839–1914
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 5
थॉमस रीड
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Reid traced Berkeley’s denial of matter to the ‘ideal system’, the assumption that we perceive only ideas, which he rejected for common-sense direct realism (Inquiry, 1764). T. Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764), Dedication, ch. I; Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785), II.10; SEP “Thomas Reid”
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थॉमस रीड › 1710–1796
डेनिस दिदरो
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In the Letter on the Blind (1749) Diderot called Berkeley’s idealism the most absurd of all systems, yet the hardest to combat. D. Diderot, Lettre sur les aveugles (1749); SEP “Denis Diderot”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डेनिस दिदरो › 1713–1784
इमानुएल कांट
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Kant set his transcendental idealism apart from Berkeley’s ‘dogmatic’ idealism, which he said degrades bodies to mere illusion (Critique of Pure Reason, 1787, B 71, B 274). I. Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1787), B 69–71, B 274; Prolegomena (1783), Appendix; SEP “Kant’s Transcendental Idealism”
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इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
मैरी शेफ़र्ड
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Against Berkeley, Shepherd held that reason infers external objects as continuing causes of our sensations (Essays on the Perception of an External Universe, 1827). M. Shepherd, Essays on the Perception of an External Universe (1827); SEP “Mary Shepherd”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मैरी शेफ़र्ड › 1777–1847
जी. ई. मूर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In ‘The Refutation of Idealism’ (1903) Moore attacked the principle esse est percipi, distinguishing the act of awareness from its object, which need not exist only when perceived. G. E. Moore, “The Refutation of Idealism”, Mind 12 (1903), 433–453; G. Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge (1710), § 3
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जी. ई. मूर › 1873–1958
जिनकी आलोचना की 3
जॉन लॉक जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In the New Theory of Vision (1709) Berkeley took up Molyneux’s question from Locke’s Essay, agreeing with Locke’s negative answer and building his theory of vision on it. G. Berkeley, An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision (1709); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (2nd ed., 1694); SEP “Molyneux’s Problem”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Berkeley rejected Locke’s abstract general ideas – a triangle neither oblique nor right-angled – and his distinction of primary and secondary qualities (Principles, 1710). G. Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge (1710), Introduction §§6–20, Part I §§9–15; J. Locke, Essay IV.vii.9; SEP “George Berkeley”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
आइज़क न्यूटन
जिनकी आलोचना की
Berkeley attacked Newton’s fluxions as ‘ghosts of departed quantities’ (The Analyst, 1734) and rejected absolute space and motion (Principles, 1710, §§110–117; De motu, 1721). G. Berkeley, The Analyst (1734), §35; Principles (1710), §§110–117; De motu (1721); SEP “George Berkeley”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आइज़क न्यूटन › 1643–1727
बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल
जिनकी आलोचना की
Berkeley’s Alciphron (1732, Dialogue II) attacked Mandeville’s thesis that private vices are public benefits, voiced by the free-thinker Lysicles; Mandeville replied in A Letter to Dion. G. Berkeley, Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher (1732), Dialogue II; B. Mandeville, A Letter to Dion (1732)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बर्नार्ड मैंडेविल › 1670–1733
कृतियाँ
Esse est percipi – पदार्थ एक अनावश्यक कल्पना है।
मत
Berkeley pushed Locke’s empiricism to a surprising conclusion: there is no matter existing independently of minds. Everything we know of things are ideas – colours, shapes, sounds – and an idea can only exist in being perceived: to be is to be perceived (esse est percipi). The notion of an unperceived material substance is not only unprovable but incoherent. Yet the world does not vanish when we look away, because God perceives everything constantly and produces in us the orderly ideas we call nature. Berkeley meant this to defeat scepticism and atheism. His immaterialism forced every later empiricist, from Hume to Mill, to confront the question of the external world.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in 1685 near Kilkenny in Ireland, Berkeley studied and taught at Trinity College, Dublin, where he wrote his main philosophical works while still in his twenties. He travelled in Europe and spent three years in Rhode Island pursuing a plan to found a college in Bermuda. From 1734 he was Anglican bishop of Cloyne. He died in Oxford in 1753.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision (1709)
- A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710)
- Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (1713)
- Alciphron (1732)
- Siris (1744)
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