थॉमस हॉब्स
राज्य के बिना जीवन सबके विरुद्ध सबका युद्ध होता, इसलिए लोग एक शक्तिशाली शासक के अधीन होने पर सहमत होते हैं जो शांति बनाए रखता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
प्राकृतिक अवस्था में सबके विरुद्ध सबका युद्ध है – केवल सामाजिक अनुबंध और एक सशक्त संप्रभु ही शांति सुनिश्चित करते हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- प्राकृतिक अवस्था
- सामाजिक अनुबंध
- लेवियाथन
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
निक्कोलो माकियावेल्ली
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित
The link is disputed; it rests on three discourses in Horae Subsecivae (1620), attributed to the young Hobbes by computer analysis, which read Tacitus in a Machiavellian vein. N. B. Reynolds and A. W. Saxonhouse (eds.), Thomas Hobbes: Three Discourses (1995); Horae Subsecivae (1620)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
निक्कोलो माकियावेल्ली › 1469–1527
फ्रांसिस बेकन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Hobbes served Bacon as secretary in his last years, taking down his thoughts and helping translate Essays into Latin (Aubrey); how far Bacon shaped him is debated. J. Aubrey, Brief Lives, “Thomas Hobbes”; SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
फ्रांसिस बेकन › 1561–1626
गैलीलियो गैलिली
जिनसे प्रभावित
Hobbes visited Galileo in 1636 and, in the dedication of De Corpore (1655), praised him for opening the gate of natural philosophy through the nature of motion. T. Hobbes, De Corpore (1655), Epistle Dedicatory; SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
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गैलीलियो गैलिली › 1564–1642
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 7
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Spinoza took Hobbes’ thesis that natural right extends as far as power (Theological-Political Treatise, 1670), but kept natural right intact in the civil state (letter to Jelles, 1674). B. Spinoza, Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670); letter to J. Jelles (1674); SEP “Spinoza’s Political Philosophy”
बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा › 1632–1677
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
The young Leibniz wrote to Hobbes in 1670 and built his early physics on Hobbes’ conatus, the beginning of motion (Theory of Abstract Motion, 1671). G. W. Leibniz, letter to T. Hobbes (1670); Theoria motus abstracti (1671); SEP “Leibniz’s Philosophy of Physics”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स › 1646–1716
डेविड ह्यूम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Paul Russell (1985) argued that the scope and plan of Hume’s Treatise (1739–40) were modelled on Hobbes’ Elements of Law (1640); the thesis is debated. P. Russell, “Hume’s Treatise and Hobbes’s The Elements of Law”, Journal of the History of Ideas 46 (1985); The Riddle of Hume’s Treatise (2008)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776
फ़ेर्डिनांड तोनीस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Tönnies edited Hobbes’s Elements of Law and Behemoth (1889), wrote a Hobbes monograph (1896) and modelled his Gesellschaft, an association of calculating individuals, partly on Hobbes. F. Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887); Hobbes Leben und Lehre (1896); T. Hobbes, The Elements of Law and Behemoth, ed. F. Tönnies (1889)
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फ़ेर्डिनांड तोनीस › 1855–1936
कार्ल श्मिट
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Schmitt took Hobbes’s ‘auctoritas, non veritas facit legem’ as the formula of decisionism (Politische Theologie, 1922) and later examined the Leviathan as a failed political symbol (1938). C. Schmitt, Politische Theologie (1922); Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes (1938); SEP “Carl Schmitt”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
कार्ल श्मिट › 1888–1985
टैल्कॉट पार्सन्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Parsons made the ‘Hobbesian problem of order’, why society does not dissolve into a war of all against all, the starting point of his action theory (1937). T. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937); T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651); SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
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टैल्कॉट पार्सन्स › 1902–1979
नोरबेर्तो बोब्बियो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Bobbio edited Hobbes’s De cive in Italian (1948) and read him as the founder of the modern natural-law model of the state (Thomas Hobbes, 1989). N. Bobbio, Thomas Hobbes (1989); T. Hobbes, Elementi filosofici sul cittadino, ed. N. Bobbio (1948); N. Bobbio and M. Bovero, Società e stato nella filosofia politica moderna (1979)
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नोरबेर्तो बोब्बियो › 1909–2004
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 10
मार्गरेट कैवेंडिश जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Through her husband’s circle, which included Hobbes, Cavendish shared his view that nature is wholly material, but made matter self-moving and perceptive (Philosophical and Physical Opinions, 1655). M. Cavendish, Philosophical and Physical Opinions (1655); Philosophical Letters (1664); SEP “Margaret Lucas Cavendish”
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जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Cavendish rejected Hobbes’s account of perception as pressure transmitted from objects to the organs, holding that perceiving matter patterns the object by its own motions (Philosophical Letters, 1664). M. Cavendish, Philosophical Letters (1664), Part I (letters on Hobbes); SEP “Margaret Lucas Cavendish”
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मार्गरेट कैवेंडिश › 1623–1673
ऐन कॉनवे
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Conway rejected Hobbes’s materialism, including his claim that God is corporeal, holding that body as Hobbes conceives it could neither think nor feel (Principles, 1690, ch. 9). A. Conway, Principia philosophiae antiquissimae et recentissimae (1690), ch. 9; SEP “Anne Conway”
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ऐन कॉनवे › 1631–1679
जॉन लॉक जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Locke’s early Two Tracts on Government (1660–62) defended an absolute magistrate close to Hobbes; later he kept the state of nature and consent but denied reading Hobbes closely. J. Locke, Two Tracts on Government, ed. P. Abrams (1967); replies to Stillingfleet (1697–99); SEP “Locke’s Political Philosophy”
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Locke set the state of nature apart from the state of war and rejected absolute rule as its remedy (Second Treatise, 1689, §§19, 93); Hobbes is not named. J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), §§13, 19, 90–94; SEP “Locke’s Political Philosophy”
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जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
शैफ़्ट्सबरी
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Shaftesbury rejected Hobbes’s picture of humans as solely self-interested, holding that natural affection for others and for the common good belongs to human nature (Sensus Communis, 1709). Shaftesbury, Sensus Communis (1709), II.1, III.1; An Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit (1699/1711); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
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शैफ़्ट्सबरी › 1671–1713
मोंतेस्क्यू
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Montesquieu held against Hobbes that humans in nature would be timid; peace is the first natural law, and war begins with society (Spirit of the Laws, 1748, I.2–3). Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), I.2–3
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मोंतेस्क्यू › 1689–1755
जाँ-जाक रुसो जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In The Social Contract (1762) Rousseau praised Hobbes as the only Christian author who dared to reunite the ‘two heads of the eagle’, state and church. J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), “De la religion civile”; SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Rousseau objected that Hobbes gave natural man the passions of social man and overlooked natural pity (Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, 1755, Part I). J.-J. Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité (1755), Part I; SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
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जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
सभी दिखाएँ (10)कम दिखाएँ
कैथरीन मैकॉले
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Macaulay’s Loose Remarks on Hobbes’s Philosophical Rudiments of Government (1767) rejected his case for absolute sovereignty and appended a sketch of a democratic constitution. C. Macaulay, Loose Remarks on Certain Positions to be Found in Mr. Hobbes’s Philosophical Rudiments of Government and Society (1767); SEP “Catharine Macaulay”
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कैथरीन मैकॉले › 1731–1791
मैरी मिजली
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Midgley used ethology against Hobbes’s picture of humans as natural egoists: sociability and care are as much part of evolved human nature as competition (Beast and Man, 1978). M. Midgley, Beast and Man (1978); The Solitary Self: Darwin and the Selfish Gene (2010)
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मैरी मिजली › 1919–2018
कैरोल पेटमैन
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Pateman held that Hobbes grants women natural equality and mothers original dominion, yet his civil order rests on their subjection by conquest and contract (The Sexual Contract, 1988). C. Pateman, The Sexual Contract (1988); “‘God Hath Ordained to Man a Helper’: Hobbes, Patriarchy and Conjugal Right”, British Journal of Political Science 19 (1989)
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कैरोल पेटमैन › जन्म 1940
चार्ल्स डब्ल्यू. मिल्स
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Mills noted that Hobbes, denying that the state of nature ever generally existed, located it among ‘the savage people in many places of America’ (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), ch. 13
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चार्ल्स डब्ल्यू. मिल्स › 1951–2021
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
अरस्तू
जिनकी आलोचना की
Hobbes wrote that scarcely anything is more absurd than Aristotle’s Metaphysics or more repugnant to government than his Politics, attacking ‘separated essences’ (Leviathan, 1651, ch. 46). T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), ch. 46
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अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
रने देकार्त
जिनकी आलोचना की
Hobbes argued that a thinking thing might be corporeal and that we have no idea of God or of the soul in Descartes’ sense (Third Objections, 1641). Descartes, Meditationes (1641), Third Objections and Replies (AT VII 171–196)
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रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
कृतियाँ
सबके विरुद्ध सबके युद्ध से निकलने का एकमात्र मार्ग: एक अनुबंध जो निरंकुश संप्रभु रचता है।
मत
Hobbes wanted to build political philosophy on the model of geometry and mechanics. Human beings are bodies in motion, driven by desire and above all by fear of violent death. Without a common power, life would be a war of all against all – “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”. Reason therefore leads people to a social contract in which they transfer their rights to a sovereign, the Leviathan, whose power must be undivided to guarantee peace. Hobbes grounded the state not on divine right but on the consent and interest of individuals. He thereby founded modern contract theory, with which Locke, Rousseau and Kant all argued.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in Malmesbury in 1588, Hobbes studied at Oxford and spent much of his life as tutor and secretary to the Cavendish family. On his travels he met Galileo and the circle of Mersenne in Paris. Fearing the coming civil war, he fled to France in 1640, where he tutored the future Charles II. Back in England from 1651, he lived on, much disputed, until 1679.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Elements of Law (1640)
- On the Citizen (De Cive) (1642)
- Leviathan (1651)
- On Body (De Corpore) (1655)
- Behemoth (c. 1668)
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