Agoraविचारों का एक खुला चौक

पी. एफ़. स्ट्रॉसन

1919–2006

पहली झलकजानबूझकर सरलीकृत – परिचय में और विस्तार है

यदि फ़्रांस का कोई राजा नहीं है, तो “फ़्रांस का राजा गंजा है” कहना असत्य नहीं बल्कि निशाना चूकना है – और दोष देने और आक्रोश करने की हमारी प्रथा को किसी तत्त्वमीमांसीय सहारे की आवश्यकता नहीं।

पृष्ठभूमि

विश्लेषणात्मक दर्शन · उत्तरी यूरोप · भाषा, तत्त्वमीमांसा, ज्ञानमीमांसा, नीतिशास्त्र

ऑक्सफ़र्ड के दार्शनिक: रसेल के विरुद्ध, “फ़्रांस का वर्तमान राजा गंजा है” यह दावा नहीं करता बल्कि पूर्वमान्य करता है कि कोई राजा है; पिंडों और व्यक्तियों की एक “वर्णनात्मक तत्त्वमीमांसा”; उत्तरदायित्व का आधार रोष जैसे प्रतिक्रियात्मक रवैयों में।

मुख्य विचार

  • पूर्वमान्यता (“ऑन रेफ़रिंग”)
  • वर्णनात्मक तत्त्वमीमांसा
  • मूल विशिष्टों के रूप में व्यक्ति
  • प्रतिक्रियात्मक रवैये

गुरु: एच. पी. ग्राइस

शिष्य: जॉन सर्ल

तारा-मानचित्र में खोलें

प्रभाव

जिनसे प्रभावित 3

  • डेविड ह्यूम

    जिनसे प्रभावित

    Strawson took from Hume a naturalist answer to scepticism: belief in bodies and induction are inescapable natural commitments that neither need nor admit justification (Skepticism and Naturalism, 1985). P. F. Strawson, Skepticism and Naturalism: Some Varieties (1985); SEP “Peter Frederick Strawson”

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    डेविड ह्यूम › 1711–1776

  • इमानुएल कांट

    जिनसे प्रभावित

    Strawson reconstructed the analytic core of Kant’s Critique – the conditions of any experience intelligible to us – while rejecting transcendental idealism (The Bounds of Sense, 1966). P. F. Strawson, The Bounds of Sense (1966); Individuals (1959); SEP “Peter Frederick Strawson”

    साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO

    इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804

  • एच. पी. ग्राइस जिनसे पढ़ा

    जिनसे पढ़ा

    Grice was one of Strawson’s two philosophy tutors, with J. D. Mabbott, when Strawson read PPE at St John’s College, Oxford (1937–40); they later wrote ‘In Defense of a Dogma’ (1956) together. SEP “Peter Frederick Strawson”; P. F. Strawson, “Intellectual Autobiography”, in L. E. Hahn (ed.), The Philosophy of P. F. Strawson (1998)

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    एच. पी. ग्राइस › 1913–1988

जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1

  • जॉन सर्ल जिन्हें पढ़ाया

    जिन्हें पढ़ाया

    Strawson was Searle’s tutor at Oxford; Searle credited him without hesitation with having truly taught him how to do philosophy, recalled tutorials for which his essay was due a day in advance, and the two became close friends. J. R. Searle, interview with T. Crane, CRASSH, University of Cambridge (9 June 2014)

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    जॉन सर्ल › 1932–2025

आलोचना

जिनकी आलोचना की 2

  • बर्टराण्ड रसेल

    जिनकी आलोचना की

    Strawson objected that Russell’s theory of descriptions confuses sentences with uses: ‘The King of France is bald’ presupposes, not asserts, that a king exists (‘On Referring’, 1950). P. F. Strawson, “On Referring”, Mind 59 (1950), 320–344; Russell’s reply: “Mr. Strawson on Referring”, Mind 66 (1957)

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    बर्टराण्ड रसेल › 1872–1970

  • डब्ल्यू. वी. ओ. क्वाइन

    जिनकी आलोचना की

    In ‘In Defense of a Dogma’ (1956), written with Grice, Strawson argued that Quine’s doubts about analyticity would make the notions of synonymy and meaning itself unintelligible. H. P. Grice & P. F. Strawson, “In Defense of a Dogma”, Philosophical Review 65 (1956); P. F. Strawson, “Propositions, Concepts and Logical Truths”, Philosophical Quarterly 7 (1957)

    साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा

    डब्ल्यू. वी. ओ. क्वाइन › 1908–2000

कृतियाँ

मत

“On Referring” (1950) challenged Russell’s theory of descriptions. Russell had analysed “The King of France is bald” as asserting that there is exactly one king of France and that he is bald, which makes the sentence false. Strawson replied that sentences do not refer – people use them to refer – and that the use of the sentence presupposes that there is a king; if there is none, the question of truth or falsity does not arise. Introduction to Logical Theory (1952) argued that the logical constants do not match the words of ordinary language, a view Grice later answered with his theory of implicature. In Individuals (1959) Strawson contrasted the “revisionary metaphysics” of Descartes or Leibniz with a “descriptive metaphysics” that lays bare the actual structure of our thought, as Aristotle and Kant had done. For us material bodies and persons are the basic particulars, and a person is not a mind attached to a body but something to which both mental and physical predicates apply. The Bounds of Sense (1966) reconstructed Kant’s Critique without transcendental idealism. “Freedom and Resentment” (1962) shifted the debate on free will: our practices of resentment, gratitude and blame are part of human life and need no metaphysical justification.

जीवन और संदर्भ

Peter Frederick Strawson was born in Ealing, London, in 1919 and studied philosophy, politics and economics at St John’s College, Oxford, where H. P. Grice was his tutor. He served in the Royal Artillery and the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers from 1940 to 1946, leaving as a captain. After a year at Bangor he became a fellow of University College, Oxford, in 1948, and from 1968 to 1987 was Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at Magdalen College. He was knighted in 1977. Among those he supervised was John Searle; his son Galen Strawson is also a philosopher. He died in London in 2006.

अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ

  • On Referring (1950)
  • Introduction to Logical Theory (1952)
  • In Defense of a Dogma (with H. P. Grice, 1956)
  • Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics (1959)
  • Freedom and Resentment (1962)
  • The Bounds of Sense (1966)
  • Skepticism and Naturalism: Some Varieties (1985)

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