मान्तेन
ईमानदारी से मानिए कि आप कितना कम जानते हैं, स्वयं का निकटता से अध्ययन कीजिए, और अपने रिवाजों को किसी और के रिवाजों से अधिक स्वाभाविक न मानिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
अपने ‘प्रयासों’ (essais) के नाम पर निबंध-विधा की रचना की, संशयपूर्ण आत्म-अन्वेषण के रूप में: “Que sais-je?” – मैं क्या जानता हूँ?
मुख्य विचार
- Que sais-je?
- आत्म-प्रयोग के रूप में निबंध
- सहिष्णुता
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
सुकरात
जिनसे प्रभावित
Montaigne made Socrates his model of a wise life lived naturally and of a calm death, in the late essays ‘Of Physiognomy’ and ‘Of Experience’ (Essays III.12–13). M. de Montaigne, Essais III.12, III.13 (1588/95); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सुकरात › 470–399 ईसा पूर्व
लुक्रेतिउस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Montaigne quoted Lucretius often in the Essays and annotated his own copy of Lambin’s edition (1563), rediscovered in 1989. M. de Montaigne, Essais (1580–95); M. A. Screech, Montaigne’s Annotated Copy of Lucretius (1998)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लुक्रेतिउस › लगभग 99–55 ईसा पूर्व
सेनेका
जिनसे प्रभावित
Montaigne quoted Seneca constantly and paired him with Plutarch as his main reading, taking up his practice of self-examination and preparation for death (Essays I.20, II.10). M. de Montaigne, Essais I.20, II.10, II.32 (1580–95); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सेनेका › लगभग 4 ईसा पूर्व – 65 ईसवी
सेक्सटस एम्पिरिकस
जिनसे प्रभावित
In the ‘Apology for Raymond Sebond’ Montaigne took up Sextus’ Pyrrhonian modes against human reason, available in Henri Estienne’s Latin translation of 1562 (Essays II.12). M. de Montaigne, Essais II.12; Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhoniarum hypotyposeon libri III, Latin tr. H. Estienne (1562); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
सेक्सटस एम्पिरिकस › लगभग 160–210
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 5
रने देकार्त
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Descartes’ Discourse on Method (1637) echoes Montaigne in its first-person form and in the lesson drawn from the diversity of customs, without naming him. R. Descartes, Discours de la méthode (1637), ed. É. Gilson, Discours de la méthode: texte et commentaire (1925); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
ब्लेज़ पास्काल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Pascal drew heavily on Montaigne’s Essays, above all the Apology for Raymond Sebond, for his picture of human misery, custom and diversion in the Pensées (1670). B. Pascal, Pensées (1670); Entretien avec M. de Sacy (1655); SEP “Blaise Pascal”
ब्लेज़ पास्काल › 1623–1662
पियर बेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Bayle drew on Montaigne’s Essays from the Various Thoughts on the Comet (1682) to the Dictionary (1697); C. B. Brush (1966) read his scepticism as variations on Montaigne’s. C. B. Brush, Montaigne and Bayle: Variations on the Theme of Skepticism (1966); S. Giocanti, on Bayle’s use of Montaigne, Libertinage et philosophie à l’époque classique 21 (2024)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पियर बेल › 1647–1706
राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Emerson made Montaigne the type of the sceptic in Representative Men (1850), recalling that reading the Essays as a youth felt as if he had written them himself. R. W. Emerson, Representative Men (1850), “Montaigne; or, the Skeptic”; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन › 1803–1882
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In Schopenhauer as Educator (1874) Nietzsche praised Montaigne’s honesty and cheerfulness: that such a man wrote has increased the joy of living on this earth. F. Nietzsche, Schopenhauer als Erzieher (1874); SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे › 1844–1900
कृतियाँ
- 1580निबंध (एसे)
मैं स्वयं अपनी पुस्तक का विषय हूँ।
मत
Montaigne invented the essay as an “attempt” to examine himself, and through himself the human condition. Drawing on Sextus Empiricus, Seneca and Plutarch, he showed how changeable, contradictory and bound to custom our judgements are. His motto “What do I know?” expresses a scepticism that is not despair but a source of modesty and tolerance: what one people call barbaric, another find natural, as he argued in his essay on cannibals. Instead of grand systems he offers an art of living – accepting the body, death and one’s own limits with humour. He influenced Shakespeare, Descartes, Pascal and the whole modern tradition of self-reflection.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in 1533 at the Château de Montaigne near Bordeaux, Michel de Montaigne grew up speaking Latin as his first language and served as a councillor in the Bordeaux parliament. In 1571 he withdrew to the tower library of his estate to write. Amid the French Wars of Religion he travelled to Italy, served two terms as mayor of Bordeaux and acted as a mediator; he died in 1592.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Essays (1580)
- Essays, expanded edition (1588)
- Travel Journal (1774)
इनमें आता है
- यात्रा ‘संदेह और आत्म’ · 10 में से पड़ाव 2
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