बारुख़ स्पिनोज़ा
ईश्वर और प्रकृति एक ही हैं, सब कुछ अनिवार्यता से घटता है, और स्वतंत्रता का अर्थ उस अनिवार्यता से लड़ने के बजाय उसे समझना है।
पृष्ठभूमि
ईश्वर या प्रकृति: केवल एक ही द्रव्य है। स्वतंत्रता उस अनिवार्यता को समझने में है जिससे सब कुछ निकलता है।
मुख्य विचार
- Deus sive Natura
- अद्वैतवाद
- कोनातुस
- विचार की स्वतंत्रता
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
हस्दाई क्रेस्कास
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In a letter to Lodewijk Meyer (1663) Spinoza cited ‘Rab Chasdai’ for a proof of God that holds even if the series of causes is infinite. B. Spinoza, letter to L. Meyer (1663); H. Crescas, Or Adonai; SEP “Hasdai Crescas”
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हस्दाई क्रेस्कास › लगभग 1340–1411
निक्कोलो माकियावेल्ली
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
In the Political Treatise (1677) Spinoza called Machiavelli ‘most acute’ and suggested The Prince may have meant to warn a free people against entrusting itself to one ruler. B. Spinoza, Tractatus politicus (1677); SEP “Spinoza’s Political Philosophy”
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निक्कोलो माकियावेल्ली › 1469–1527
थॉमस हॉब्स
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Spinoza took Hobbes’ thesis that natural right extends as far as power (Theological-Political Treatise, 1670), but kept natural right intact in the civil state (letter to Jelles, 1674). B. Spinoza, Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670); letter to J. Jelles (1674); SEP “Spinoza’s Political Philosophy”
थॉमस हॉब्स › 1588–1679
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 20
योहान गॉटलीब फ़िशटे
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre (1794) put the absolute I where Spinoza had put substance, and Fichte saw in Spinoza’s system the consistent form of dogmatism. J. G. Fichte, Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre (1794); Erste Einleitung in die Wissenschaftslehre (1797); SEP “Johann Gottlieb Fichte”
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योहान गॉटलीब फ़िशटे › 1762–1814
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Hegel held that thinking must begin with Spinoza’s substance, yet in the Phenomenology (1807) demanded that the true be grasped not only as substance but also as subject. G. W. F. Hegel, Phänomenologie des Geistes (1807), Preface; Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie (1833), “Spinoza”; SEP “Hegel”
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
फ्रेडरिख शेलिंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Schelling told Hegel in 1795 that he had become a Spinozist and presented his identity philosophy in Spinoza’s geometrical manner (Presentation of My System, 1801). F. W. J. Schelling, letter to Hegel, 4 Feb. 1795; Darstellung meines Systems der Philosophie (1801); SEP “Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling”
फ्रेडरिख शेलिंग › 1775–1854
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In a postcard to Overbeck (1881) Nietzsche hailed Spinoza as his precursor, who like him denied free will, purposes, a moral world order and evil. F. Nietzsche, postcard to F. Overbeck, 30 July 1881; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
फ़्रीडरिश नीत्शे › 1844–1900
आँरी बेर्गसोन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In ‘Philosophical Intuition’ (1911) Bergson took Spinoza as his example of a simple intuition behind a complex system, felt beneath the geometrical apparatus of the Ethics. H. Bergson, “L’intuition philosophique” (1911), in La Pensée et le mouvant (1934); SEP “Henri Bergson”
आँरी बेर्गसोन › 1859–1941
लुई अल्थुसर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Althusser drew on Spinoza for his concept of structural causality and said of himself and his circle ‘we were Spinozists’ (Elements of Self-Criticism, 1974). L. Althusser, Lire le Capital (1965); Éléments d’autocritique (1974); SEP “Louis Althusser”
लुई अल्थुसर › 1918–1990
सभी दिखाएँ (20)कम दिखाएँ
योहान गॉटफ़्रीड हेर्डर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In God: Some Conversations (1787) Herder defended Spinoza against Jacobi’s charge of atheism, reinterpreting his substance as the primal force active in all things. J. G. Herder, Gott. Einige Gespräche (1787); SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”
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योहान गॉटफ़्रीड हेर्डर › 1744–1803
फ़्रीडरिश श्लाइअरमाखर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In On Religion (1799) Schleiermacher asked his readers to offer a lock of hair to the shade of ‘the holy, rejected Spinoza’, pervaded by the world-spirit. F. Schleiermacher, Über die Religion. Reden an die Gebildeten unter ihren Verächtern (1799), Second Speech; SEP “Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher”
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फ़्रीडरिश श्लाइअरमाखर › 1768–1834
फ़्रीडरिश हेल्डरलिन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Tübingen Hölderlin made excerpts from Jacobi’s Letters on Spinoza (c. 1790–91), and ‘hen kai pan’, one and all, became a watchword he shared with Hegel. F. Hölderlin, excerpts from F. H. Jacobi, Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen (c. 1790–91); D. Henrich, Der Grund im Bewußtsein (1992)
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फ़्रीडरिश हेल्डरलिन › 1770–1843
नोवालिस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Novalis called Spinoza ‘a God-intoxicated man’ and in his notebooks (1798–1800) engaged with Spinoza’s identity of God and nature. Novalis, Das allgemeine Brouillon (1798–99); Fragmente und Studien (1799–1800); SEP “Novalis”
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नोवालिस › 1772–1801
लुडविग फ़ॉयरबाख़
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In Principles of the Philosophy of the Future (1843) Feuerbach read Spinoza’s identification of God and nature as a step from theism towards materialism, likening him to Moses. L. Feuerbach, Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft (1843); Geschichte der neuern Philosophie von Bacon von Verulam bis Benedict Spinoza (1833); SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”
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लुडविग फ़ॉयरबाख़ › 1804–1872
मिगुएल डे उनामुनो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Unamuno built The Tragic Sense of Life (1913) on Spinoza’s conatus, the striving of each thing to persist in its being, read as the hunger for immortality. M. de Unamuno, Del sentimiento trágico de la vida (1913); B. de Spinoza, Ethica (1677), Part III; J. Marías, Miguel de Unamuno (1943)
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मिगुएल डे उनामुनो › 1864–1936
अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Einstein said he believed in ‘Spinoza’s God, who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists’, not in a God concerned with human fates and actions (1929). A. Einstein, cable to Rabbi H. Goldstein (24 Apr. 1929); “Religion und Wissenschaft” (1930); M. Jammer, Einstein and Religion (1999)
अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन › 1879–1955
लिव वाइगोत्सकी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Vygotsky turned to Spinoza’s monism against Descartes’ dualism of passions to seek a unified theory of emotions (Učenie ob emocijach, written 1931–33, publ. 1984). L. S. Vygotsky, Učenie ob emocijach (written 1931–33; publ. 1984), Eng. “The Teaching about Emotions” (1999); R. van der Veer and J. Valsiner, Understanding Vygotsky (1991)
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लिव वाइगोत्सकी › 1896–1934
एरिक फ़्रॉम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Fromm took Spinoza’s Ethics as a model of humanistic ethics, in which virtue is the realisation of one’s own powers (Man for Himself, 1947). E. Fromm, Man for Himself: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics (1947); B. Spinoza, Ethica (1677)
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एरिक फ़्रॉम › 1900–1980
आर्ने नेस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Næss read Spinoza’s Ethics as a philosophy of active emotions and self-realisation and made it a main source of his ecosophy (Freedom, Emotion and Self-Subsistence, 1975; 1989). A. Næss, Freedom, Emotion and Self-Subsistence: The Structure of a Central Part of Spinoza’s Ethics (1975); Ecology, Community and Lifestyle (1989)
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आर्ने नेस › 1912–2009
गिल्लेस देलयूज़े
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Deleuze read Spinoza as a philosopher of expression and immanence and asked with him what a body can do (Spinoza et le problème de l’expression, 1968). G. Deleuze, Spinoza et le problème de l’expression (1968); Spinoza. Philosophie pratique (1970; 1981); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”; SEP “Baruch Spinoza”
गिल्लेस देलयूज़े › 1925–1995
अंतोनियो नेग्री
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In The Savage Anomaly (1981) Negri read Spinoza as the thinker of potentia, the constitutive power of the multitude, against potestas, the power of constituted order. A. Negri, L’anomalia selvaggia. Saggio su potere e potenza in Baruch Spinoza (1981)
अंतोनियो नेग्री › 1933–2023
हसन हनाफ़ी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Hanafi translated Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise into Arabic with a long introduction (1971), taking it as a model for historical criticism of sacred texts. H. Hanafi (tr.), Risala fi l-lahut wa-l-siyasa (1971)
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हसन हनाफ़ी › 1935–2021
वायोला कोर्दोवा
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In her dissertation The Concept of Monism in Navajo Thought (1992) Cordova compared the Navajo (Diné) concept of Holy Wind with Spinoza’s monism to interpret it. V. F. Cordova, The Concept of Monism in Navajo Thought (PhD diss., University of New Mexico, 1992); J. K. McNeley, Holy Wind in Navajo Philosophy (1981)
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वायोला कोर्दोवा › 1937–2002
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 7
ऐन कॉनवे
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Conway charged that Spinoza confounds God and creatures in one substance, and distinguished three kinds of being: God, Christ and creatures (Principles, 1690, ch. 9). A. Conway, Principia philosophiae antiquissimae et recentissimae (1690), chs. 5–6, 9; SEP “Anne Conway”
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ऐन कॉनवे › 1631–1679
गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In 1676 Leibniz visited Spinoza in The Hague, showed him a proof that a most perfect being is possible and later annotated the posthumously printed Ethics (1677). G. W. Leibniz, Quod ens perfectissimum existit (The Hague, 1676); M. R. Antognazza, Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography (2009); SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Leibniz rejected Spinoza’s blind necessity, which leaves God neither choice nor goodness (Theodicy, 1710, §173), adding that Spinoza would be right were there no monads. G. W. Leibniz, Essais de Théodicée (1710), §§173–174; letter to Bourguet, Dec. 1714 (GP III 575)
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गॉटफ़्रीड विल्हेल्म लाइबनित्स › 1646–1716
पियर बेल
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Bayle called Spinoza’s single substance ‘the most absurd and monstrous hypothesis’: God would be both the Germans and the Turks killing each other (Dictionnaire, 1697, ‘Spinoza’). P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), art. “Spinoza”, remark N; SEP “Pierre Bayle”
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पियर बेल › 1647–1706
जॉन टोलैंड
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Toland argued in Letters to Serena (1704, Letter IV) that Spinoza’s system lacks a principle, since it fails to explain motion, which Toland held essential to matter. J. Toland, Letters to Serena (1704), Letters IV–V; S. H. Daniel, John Toland: His Methods, Manners, and Mind (1984)
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जॉन टोलैंड › 1670–1722
इमानुएल कांट
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Kant objected that Spinoza’s single substance turns the purposive unity of nature into mere inherence and cannot explain purposiveness (Critique of the Power of Judgment, 1790). I. Kant, Kritik der Urteilskraft (1790), §§ 72–73; Was heißt: sich im Denken orientieren? (1786)
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इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
मोज़ेस मेंडेलसन जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In his Philosophical Dialogues (1755) Mendelssohn praised Spinoza as a forerunner of Leibniz, arguing that Leibniz had found pre-established harmony in his work. M. Mendelssohn, Philosophische Gespräche (1755); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”
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जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
In Morning Hours (1785) Mendelssohn rejected Spinoza’s pantheism but argued that a ‘purified pantheism’ differs from theism in no point that matters for religion and morals. M. Mendelssohn, Morgenstunden (1785), Lectures XIII–XIV; SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”
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मोज़ेस मेंडेलसन › 1729–1786
फ़्रीडरिश हाइनरिष याकोबी
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Jacobi judged Spinozism the only consistent philosophy of demonstration and therefore fatalism and atheism (Letters on Spinoza, 1785; 2nd ed. 1789). F. H. Jacobi, Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen an den Herrn Moses Mendelssohn (1785; 2nd ed. 1789); SEP “Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi”
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फ़्रीडरिश हाइनरिष याकोबी › 1743–1819
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
मैमोनिदेस जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Spinoza knew Maimonides’ Guide closely; H. A. Wolfson (1934) traced much of the Ethics’ vocabulary of God and the intellect to it and other medieval Jewish sources. H. A. Wolfson, The Philosophy of Spinoza (1934); SEP “Baruch Spinoza”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Spinoza rejected Maimonides’ rule that Scripture must be read allegorically wherever it conflicts with reason, which bent the Bible to Aristotle (Theological-Political Treatise, 1670, ch. 7). B. Spinoza, Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670), ch. 7; Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed II.25; SEP “Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise”
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मैमोनिदेस › 1138–1204
रने देकार्त जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Spinoza’s first published book, Principles of Cartesian Philosophy (1663), set out Descartes’ Principles in geometrical order, with his Metaphysical Thoughts appended. B. Spinoza, Renati Des Cartes Principiorum philosophiae pars I et II, more geometrico demonstratae (1663), with Cogitata metaphysica; SEP “Baruch Spinoza”
जिनकी आलोचना की
Spinoza called Descartes’ account of the mind steering the body through the pineal gland ‘more occult than any occult quality’ (Ethics, 1677, V, Preface). B. Spinoza, Ethica (1677), V, Praefatio; II P48–49 (against free will); SEP “Baruch Spinoza”
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रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
कृतियाँ
बाइबिल की ऐतिहासिक आलोचना और विचार की स्वतंत्रता की पैरवी।
परिभाषाएँ, स्वयंसिद्ध, प्रस्थापनाएँ: ईश्वर या प्रकृति और स्वतंत्रता का मार्ग।
मत
Spinoza’s Ethics, built like a geometry book, argues that there is only one substance: God or Nature. Mind and matter are not separate things but two attributes of this single reality, and everything follows from it with necessity – there is no free will in the usual sense and no purpose in nature. Every being strives to persist in its existence (conatus). We are unfree when driven by passions we do not understand; freedom is understanding necessity, and the highest happiness is the intellectual love of God. In politics he defended freedom of thought and the historical reading of the Bible. Long condemned as an atheist, he later inspired Goethe, German idealism and Einstein.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in Amsterdam in 1632 into a family of Portuguese-Jewish merchants, Spinoza was expelled from the Jewish community in 1656 for his views. He lived modestly in Rijnsburg, Voorburg and The Hague, grinding lenses and corresponding with leading scholars. He declined a professorship in Heidelberg to keep his independence. His Ethics was published only after his death in 1677.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Principles of Cartesian Philosophy (1663)
- Theological-Political Treatise (1670)
- Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order (1677)
- Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect (1677)
- Political Treatise (1677)
इनमें आता है
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