मोंतेस्क्यू
स्वतंत्रता तभी बची रहती है जब सत्ता विभाजित हो – क़ानून बनाना, शासन और अदालतें अलग होनी चाहिए ताकि वे एक-दूसरे पर अंकुश रख सकें।
पृष्ठभूमि
स्वतंत्रता की गारंटी के रूप में शक्तियों का पृथक्करण: कार्यपालिका, विधायिका और न्यायपालिका एक-दूसरे पर अंकुश रखती हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- शक्तियों का पृथक्करण
- कानून की भावना
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
निक्कोलो माकियावेल्ली
जिनसे प्रभावित
In Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans (1734) Montesquieu shared Machiavelli’s thesis from the Discourses that internal dissensions helped preserve Roman liberty. Montesquieu, Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence (1734); Dictionnaire Montesquieu (ENS Lyon), “Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
निक्कोलो माकियावेल्ली › 1469–1527
जॉन लॉक
जिनसे प्रभावित
Montesquieu’s account of the English constitution in The Spirit of the Laws (1748) is commonly read as recasting Locke’s legislative and executive powers into three separated powers. Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), Book XI; J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689); SEP “Montesquieu”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 10
जाँ-जाक रुसो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Rousseau accepted as ‘established by Montesquieu’ the principle that liberty, not being a fruit of every climate, is not within every people’s reach (Social Contract, 1762). J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), Book III; Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748); SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
एडम फर्ग्यूसन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Ferguson’s Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767) builds on Montesquieu’s comparative politics; recalling Montesquieu, he was ‘at a loss’ why he should treat of human affairs. A. Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767), ed. F. Oz-Salzberger (1995)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एडम फर्ग्यूसन › 1723–1816
एडमण्ड बर्क
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Closing An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791), Burke praised Montesquieu’s study of the English constitution as the work of a rare, wide-ranging genius. E. Burke, An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791); SEP “Edmund Burke”
एडमण्ड बर्क › 1729–1797
शेजारे बेक्कारिया
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Beccaria opened On Crimes and Punishments (1764) by invoking ‘the immortal President Montesquieu’ and built on his view that punishments beyond necessity are tyrannical. C. Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene (1764); letter to A. Morellet (1766); Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
शेजारे बेक्कारिया › 1738–1794
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In the Philosophy of Right (1820) Hegel praised Montesquieu for treating laws not in isolation but as part of the whole character of a nation and its age. G. W. F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1820), Introduction; SEP “Hegel’s Social and Political Philosophy”
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
एमिल दुरकेम
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
In his Latin thesis (1892) Durkheim credited Montesquieu with seeing that social institutions form a system and vary with the type of society, a step towards social science. É. Durkheim, Quid Secundatus politicae scientiae instituendae contulerit (1892), in Montesquieu et Rousseau, précurseurs de la sociologie (1953); SEP “Montesquieu”
एमिल दुरकेम › 1858–1917
सभी दिखाएँ (10)कम दिखाएँ
जॉन मिलर
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Millar’s Historical View of the English Government (1787/1803) says ‘the great Montesquieu pointed out the road’, calling him the Bacon and Smith the Newton of this science. J. Millar, An Historical View of the English Government (1787; 4 vols., 1803), Liberty Fund ed. (2006); J. Craig, Account of the Life and Writings of John Millar (1806)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन मिलर › 1735–1801
रिफ़ा अत-तहतावी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Al-Tahtawi reported that in Paris he read Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws with a tutor, and his account of French government with its translation of the charter of 1814 drew on this reading of law and constitution. R. al-Ṭahṭāwī, Takhlīṣ al-ibrīz (1834); tr. D. L. Newman, An Imam in Paris (2004)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रिफ़ा अत-तहतावी › 1801–1873
अलेक्सी द तोकविल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Like Montesquieu, Tocqueville explained a people’s laws through its mores and circumstances (Democracy in America, 1835–40); Raymond Aron placed both among the founders of sociology. A. de Tocqueville, De la démocratie en Amérique (1835–40); R. Aron, Les étapes de la pensée sociologique (1967)
अलेक्सी द तोकविल › 1805–1859
येन फ़ू
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Yan Fu translated The Spirit of the Laws as Fayi (1904–09), adding commentaries that compared Montesquieu’s typology of governments with Chinese institutions. Yan Fu, Fayi (1904–09); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (1964)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
येन फ़ू › 1854–1921
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
अरस्तू
जिनकी आलोचना की
Montesquieu faulted Aristotle for classifying monarchies not by the form of the constitution but by accidents such as the prince’s virtues or vices (De l’esprit des lois, 1748). Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), XI.9 (“De la manière de penser d’Aristote”)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
थॉमस हॉब्स
जिनकी आलोचना की
Montesquieu held against Hobbes that humans in nature would be timid; peace is the first natural law, and war begins with society (Spirit of the Laws, 1748, I.2–3). Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), I.2–3
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थॉमस हॉब्स › 1588–1679
कृतियाँ
- 1748कानून की भावना
जलवायु, रीति-रिवाज, संविधान – और शक्तियों का पृथक्करण।
मत
Montesquieu asked why laws differ so widely between peoples and found the answer in their relationships to the form of government, climate, religion, trade, customs and geography – the “spirit” of a nation’s laws. He distinguished republics based on virtue, monarchies based on honour and despotisms based on fear. To protect liberty from despotism, power must check power: legislative, executive and judicial functions should be separated and balanced, as he believed they were in England. This doctrine of the separation of powers entered the American Constitution and the constitutions of modern democracies, and his comparative approach anticipated sociology.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Charles-Louis de Secondat was born in 1689 at La Brède near Bordeaux and inherited both the title Baron de Montesquieu and a high office in the Bordeaux parliament. His satirical Persian Letters made him famous in 1721. He sold his office, travelled through Europe and spent nearly two years in England. After twenty years of work he published The Spirit of the Laws in 1748 and died in Paris in 1755.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Persian Letters (1721)
- Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline (1734)
- The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
इनमें आता है
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