रॉबर्ट नॉजिक
लोगों के ऐसे अधिकार हैं जिन्हें साझे हित के लिए कोई लाँघ नहीं सकता, इसलिए एकमात्र न्यायपूर्ण राज्य न्यूनतम राज्य है जो उनकी रक्षा करता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
एनार्की, स्टेट, एंड यूटोपिया: उदारतावाद (libertarianism), न्यूनतम राज्य – और अनुभव-मशीन।
मुख्य विचार
- न्यूनतम राज्य
- अनुभव-मशीन
- हक़दारी का सिद्धांत
गुरु: कार्ल गुस्ताव हेम्पेल
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
जॉन लॉक
जिनसे प्रभावित
Nozick started from Locke’s state of nature and natural rights and reworked his proviso on just acquisition for an entitlement theory of justice (Anarchy, State, and Utopia, 1974). R. Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974); J. Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689); SEP “Libertarianism”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
इमानुएल कांट
जिनसे प्रभावित
Nozick grounded his side constraints in Kant’s principle that individuals are ends and not merely means, ruling out sacrificing some for others (Anarchy, State, and Utopia, 1974). R. Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974); SEP “Libertarianism”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
कार्ल गुस्ताव हेम्पेल जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Nozick wrote his Princeton dissertation, The Normative Theory of Individual Choice (1963), under Hempel’s supervision; it was printed in 1990. R. Nozick, The Normative Theory of Individual Choice (diss. Princeton 1963; printed 1990)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
कार्ल गुस्ताव हेम्पेल › 1905–1997
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
MacIntyre argued that Nozick’s entitlement theory, like Rawls’s, leaves out desert, and that their rival premises cannot be rationally settled in our culture (After Virtue, 1981, ch. 17). A. MacIntyre, After Virtue (1981), ch. 17 “Justice as a Virtue: Changing Conceptions”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एलास्डेयर मैकिन्टायर › 1929–2025
चार्ल्स टेलर
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Taylor argued against Nozick’s primacy of rights that ascribing rights presupposes an obligation to sustain the society in which the capacities they protect can develop (‘Atomism’, 1979). C. Taylor, “Atomism”, in A. Kontos (ed.), Powers, Possessions and Freedom (1979), repr. in Philosophical Papers 2 (1985)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
चार्ल्स टेलर › जन्म 1931
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
जॉन राल्स
जिनकी आलोचना की
Nozick objected that Rawls’s patterned principles can be upheld only by continual interference with free transactions, as the Wilt Chamberlain case shows (Anarchy, State, and Utopia, 1974). R. Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), ch. 7
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन राल्स › 1921–2002
कृतियाँ
न्यूनतम राज्य – और राल्स के विरुद्ध विल्ट चेम्बरलेन।
मत
Anarchy, State, and Utopia answered Rawls from a libertarian standpoint. Individuals have rights, Nozick argued, that set strict limits on what others and the state may do to them. Only a minimal state, limited to protection against force, theft and fraud, is justified; any more extensive state violates rights, for example by redistributing through taxation. A distribution is just not because it matches a pattern, but if it arose from just acquisition and voluntary transfer – the “entitlement theory.” His Wilt Chamberlain example was meant to show that liberty upsets patterns. In the same book he devised the “experience machine” to argue that we care about more than pleasant experiences. Nozick later distanced himself from parts of his libertarianism.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Nozick was born in Brooklyn in 1938 to a family of Russian Jewish immigrants. He studied at Columbia and Princeton and from 1969 taught at Harvard, where he was a colleague of John Rawls. His wide-ranging interests extended from political philosophy to epistemology, decision theory and the meaning of life. He died in 2002.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)
- Philosophical Explanations (1981)
- The Examined Life (1989)
- The Nature of Rationality (1993)
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