جون لوك
يرى لوك أنّ كل أفكارنا تأتي من التجربة، وأنّ الحكومة لا وجود لها إلا لحماية حقوق الناس الطبيعية في الحياة والحرية والملكية.
التموضع
العقل لوح فارغ (tabula rasa)؛ وصارت حقوق الحياة والحرية والملكية والحكم بالرضا أفكارًا مؤسِّسة لليبرالية.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- اللوح الفارغ (Tabula rasa)
- الحقوق الطبيعية
- التسامح
- الحكم بالرضا
التلاميذ: أنتوني آشلي كوبر (شافتسبري)
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 3
فرانسيس بيكون
تأثّر بـ
Locke’s ‘historical, plain method’ of describing the mind’s ideas in the Essay (1689) follows the Baconian natural history practised in the early Royal Society, as P. Anstey argues. J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689), Introduction; P. R. Anstey, John Locke and Natural Philosophy (2011); SEP “John Locke”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فرانسيس بيكون › 1561–1626
هوغو غروتيوس
تأثّر بـ ✓
Locke worked out the property theory of the Two Treatises (1689) in dialogue with Grotius, whose On the Law of War and Peace he recommended for education (1693). J. Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689); Some Thoughts concerning Education (1693); J. Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and His Adversaries (1980); SEP “John Locke”
هوغو غروتيوس › 1583–1645
بيير جاسندي
تأثّر بـ مختلف عليها
During his years in France (1675–79) Locke met François Bernier, whose abridgement spread Gassendi’s philosophy; how much the Essay owes to Gassendi is disputed. F. Bernier, Abrégé de la philosophie de Gassendi (1674–78); R. W. Puster, Britische Gassendi-Rezeption am Beispiel John Lockes (1991); T. M. Lennon, The Battle of the Gods and Giants (1993); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيير جاسندي › 1592–1655
أثّر في 12
مونتسكيو
أثّر في
Montesquieu’s account of the English constitution in The Spirit of the Laws (1748) is commonly read as recasting Locke’s legislative and executive powers into three separated powers. Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois (1748), Book XI; J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689); SEP “Montesquieu”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
مونتسكيو › 1689–1755
فولتير
جان جاك روسو
أثّر في
Rousseau’s Emile (1762) builds on ‘the wise Locke’ and his Some Thoughts concerning Education (1693), while rejecting its maxim of reasoning with children. J.-J. Rousseau, Émile ou De l’éducation (1762); J. Locke, Some Thoughts concerning Education (1693); SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جان جاك روسو › 1712–1778
موسى مندلسون
أثّر في ✓
In Jerusalem (1783) Mendelssohn took up Locke’s distinction between state and church from the Letter concerning Toleration (1689), arguing that neither may coerce belief. M. Mendelssohn, Jerusalem oder über religiöse Macht und Judentum (1783); J. Locke, Epistola de tolerantia (1689); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
موسى مندلسون › 1729–1786
جون رولز
أثّر في ✓
Rawls sought to carry the social contract of Locke, Rousseau and Kant ‘to a higher level of abstraction’ in the original position (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, ed. S. Freeman (2007)
جون رولز › 1921–2002
روبرت نوزيك
أثّر في
Nozick started from Locke’s state of nature and natural rights and reworked his proviso on just acquisition for an entitlement theory of justice (Anarchy, State, and Utopia, 1974). R. Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974); J. Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1689); SEP “Libertarianism”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
روبرت نوزيك › 1938–2002
عرض الكل (12)عرض أقل
داماريس كودورث ماشام
أثّر في
Masham’s Occasional Thoughts (1705), written in Locke’s circle at Oates, argues in a Lockean spirit that women must understand the reasons for their religious and moral beliefs. D. Masham, Occasional Thoughts in Reference to a Vertuous or Christian Life (1705); SEP “Lady Damaris Masham”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
داماريس كودورث ماشام › 1659–1708
جون تولاند
أثّر في
Toland’s Christianity not Mysterious (1696) applied the theory of knowledge of Locke’s Essay to religion: nothing in the Gospel is contrary to reason or above it. J. Toland, Christianity not Mysterious (1696); J. Locke, replies to Stillingfleet (1697–99); S. H. Daniel, John Toland: His Methods, Manners, and Mind (1984)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون تولاند › 1670–1722
إيميلي دو شاتليه
أثّر في
In the Institutions de physique (1740) Du Châtelet set aside Locke’s modest view of metaphysics, arguing with Leibniz’s sufficient reason that Newtonian physics needs firmer metaphysical foundations. É. Du Châtelet, Institutions de physique (1740); R. Hagengruber (ed.), Emilie du Châtelet between Leibniz and Newton (2012); SEP “Émilie Du Châtelet”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيميلي دو شاتليه › 1706–1749
دنيس ديدرو
أثّر في
Diderot’s Letter on the Blind (1749) took up Molyneux’s question from Locke’s Essay and asked, through the blind mathematician Saunderson, how ideas depend on the senses. D. Diderot, Lettre sur les aveugles à l’usage de ceux qui voient (1749); SEP “Denis Diderot”; SEP “Molyneux’s Problem”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
دنيس ديدرو › 1713–1784
ماري وولستونكرافت
أثّر في
Wollstonecraft built on Locke’s view that the mind is formed by experience and education, arguing women’s apparent weakness is an effect of their upbringing (Rights of Woman, 1792). M. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792); SEP “Mary Wollstonecraft”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ماري وولستونكرافت › 1759–1797
ديريك بارفيت
أثّر في
Parfit developed Locke’s memory criterion into psychological continuity – overlapping chains of memories, intentions and character – and asked whether identity is what matters (Reasons and Persons, 1984). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (2nd ed., 1694), “Of Identity and Diversity”; SEP “Locke on Personal Identity”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ديريك بارفيت › 1942–2017
النقد
انتقده 11
أنتوني آشلي كوبر (شافتسبري) علّم
علّم ✓
The first Earl of Shaftesbury put Locke, his physician and adviser, in charge of the education of his grandson, the later third Earl; the two remained friends until Locke’s death, although the pupil came to reject much of Locke’s philosophy. SEP “Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
انتقده
Shaftesbury wrote that Locke struck ‘the home blow’ by denying innate moral ideas and making virtue depend on fashion and custom (letter to Michael Ainsworth, 1709). Shaftesbury to M. Ainsworth, 3 June 1709, in Several Letters Written by a Noble Lord to a Young Man at the University (1716); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أنتوني آشلي كوبر (شافتسبري) › 1671–1713
جورج بيركلي أثّر في
أثّر في ✓
In the New Theory of Vision (1709) Berkeley took up Molyneux’s question from Locke’s Essay, agreeing with Locke’s negative answer and building his theory of vision on it. G. Berkeley, An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision (1709); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (2nd ed., 1694); SEP “Molyneux’s Problem”
انتقده
Berkeley rejected Locke’s abstract general ideas – a triangle neither oblique nor right-angled – and his distinction of primary and secondary qualities (Principles, 1710). G. Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge (1710), Introduction §§6–20, Part I §§9–15; J. Locke, Essay IV.vii.9; SEP “George Berkeley”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج بيركلي › 1685–1753
توماس ريد أثّر في
أثّر في
Reid kept Locke’s primary–secondary quality distinction but recast it: primary qualities are conceived directly, secondary only relatively (Essays on the Intellectual Powers, 1785). T. Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764); Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785); SEP “Thomas Reid”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
انتقده
With the ‘brave officer’ Reid argued that Locke’s memory criterion of personal identity breaks transitivity: the general would be and not be the flogged boy (Essays, 1785, III.6). T. Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785), III.6; J. Locke, Essay II.xxvii; SEP “Thomas Reid”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توماس ريد › 1710–1796
ديفيد هيوم أثّر في
أثّر في ✓
Hume took over Locke’s principle that all ideas come from experience, recasting it as the thesis that every simple idea copies a prior impression (Treatise, 1739). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689); SEP “David Hume”
انتقده
Hume objected that Locke drew the idea of power from reasoning, though no reasoning can yield a new simple idea (Treatise, 1739, 1.3.14; Enquiry VII). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), 1.3.14; An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748), VII, note; J. Locke, Essay II.xxi
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ديفيد هيوم › 1711–1776
إيمانويل كانط
انتقده
Kant objected that Locke derived the pure concepts of the understanding from experience, a ‘physiology’ of the understanding that cannot show their necessity (Critique of Pure Reason, 1781). I. Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, A ix; §§ 13–14 (B 118–119, B 127–128)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيمانويل كانط › 1724–1804
جيرمي بنثام أثّر في
أثّر في
Building on the empiricist psychology of Locke and Hume, Bentham took pleasure and pain as the ultimate motives and measures of action (Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789). J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789); J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689); IEP “Jeremy Bentham”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
انتقده
Bentham dismissed the original contract as a fiction (against Blackstone, 1776) and natural rights as ‘nonsense upon stilts’ (against the French Declaration), both central to Locke. J. Bentham, A Fragment on Government (1776), ch. I §§36–48; Nonsense upon Stilts (written c. 1795); SEP “Jeremy Bentham”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جيرمي بنثام › 1748–1832
عرض الكل (11)عرض أقل
غوتفريد لايبنتس
انتقده
In the New Essays (written 1704, published 1765) Leibniz defended innate ideas against Locke: the mind is not a blank tablet but like veined marble. G. W. Leibniz, Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain (1704; publ. 1765), Preface and Book I
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
غوتفريد لايبنتس › 1646–1716
ماري آستل
انتقده
Astell attacked Locke’s suggestion that matter might think (The Christian Religion, 1705) and asked why, if all men are born free, women are born slaves (1706). M. Astell, The Christian Religion, as Profess’d by a Daughter of the Church of England (1705); Some Reflections upon Marriage, 3rd ed. (1706), Preface; SEP “Mary Astell”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ماري آستل › 1666–1731
كارول بيتمان
انتقده
Pateman objected that Locke, rejecting Filmer’s paternal power, kept husbands’ natural conjugal right, as ‘the abler and the stronger’, outside the social contract (The Sexual Contract, 1988). C. Pateman, The Sexual Contract (1988); J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), § 82
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارول بيتمان › وُلد 1940
تشارلز وايد ميلز
انتقده
Mills argued that Locke’s theory of property through labour let Native American land appear as vacant waste – part of a ‘racial contract’ (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), ch. V
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تشارلز وايد ميلز › 1951–2021
براين بيركهارت
انتقده
Burkhart argued that Locke’s labour theory of property made Indigenous land appear unowned, a concept framed to exclude Indigenous peoples (Indigenizing Philosophy through the Land, 2019). B. Burkhart, Indigenizing Philosophy through the Land (2019); J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), ch. V
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
براين بيركهارت › معاصر
ينتقد 3
أرسطو
انتقد
Locke denied that Aristotle’s syllogism is the instrument of reasoning: God did not leave it ‘to Aristotle to make them rational’ (An Essay concerning Human Understanding, 1689). J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689), IV.xvii.4
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
توماس هوبز تأثّر بـ
تأثّر بـ ✓
Locke’s early Two Tracts on Government (1660–62) defended an absolute magistrate close to Hobbes; later he kept the state of nature and consent but denied reading Hobbes closely. J. Locke, Two Tracts on Government, ed. P. Abrams (1967); replies to Stillingfleet (1697–99); SEP “Locke’s Political Philosophy”
انتقد
Locke set the state of nature apart from the state of war and rejected absolute rule as its remedy (Second Treatise, 1689, §§19, 93); Hobbes is not named. J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), §§13, 19, 90–94; SEP “Locke’s Political Philosophy”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توماس هوبز › 1588–1679
رينيه ديكارت تأثّر بـ
تأثّر بـ ✓
According to Damaris Masham, Descartes’ writings first gave Locke a relish for philosophy, for he found them intelligible even where he disagreed (letter to Le Clerc, 1705). D. Masham, letter to J. Le Clerc (Jan. 1705); M. Cranston, John Locke: A Biography (1957); SEP “John Locke”
انتقد
Locke denied innate ideas (Essay, 1689, Book I) and, against the Cartesians, that the soul always thinks, since thinking is its action, not its essence (II.i.10). J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689), I.ii–iv, II.i.10–19; SEP “John Locke”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
رينيه ديكارت › 1596–1650
الأعمال
ضد الحق الإلهي الأبوي للملوك عند فيلمر: الحياة والحرية والملكية – وحق المقاومة.
- 1689رسالة في التسامح
الفصل بين الكنيسة والدولة.
لا أفكار فطرية: كل معرفة تأتي من التجربة.
الموقف
Locke asked where our ideas come from and answered: from experience. At birth the mind is like a blank sheet; all ideas arise from sensation and reflection, and we should not claim knowledge beyond what they warrant. He distinguished primary qualities of bodies from secondary qualities and examined personal identity through consciousness and memory. In politics he argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty and property, and that government exists by consent to protect them; a government that violates them may be resisted. His plea for religious toleration was equally influential. Locke is often counted the father of empiricism and of political liberalism, and the American founders drew on him. He was also an investor in the slave-trading Royal African Company and was involved in drafting the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669), which gave every freeman “absolute power and authority” over the people he held in slavery; his labour theory of property was used to justify taking Native American land.
الحياة والسياق
Born in 1632 in Wrington, Somerset, Locke studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and trained in medicine. As physician and adviser to the Earl of Shaftesbury he became involved in Whig politics and had to flee to the Netherlands in 1683. He returned after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and published his major works in quick succession. He died in 1704.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- A Letter Concerning Toleration (1689)
- Two Treatises of Government (1689)
- An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689)
- Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693)
- The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695)
يرد في
- رحلة «الشكّ والذات» · المحطة 4 من 10
- رحلة «ما العادل؟» · المحطة 4 من 10
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