फ्रांसिस बेकन
ज्ञान शक्ति है: विज्ञान को सावधान प्रेक्षण से आरंभ करके सामान्य नियम गढ़ने चाहिए, उन पूर्वाग्रहों को हटाते हुए जो मन को धुँधला करते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
ज्ञान ही शक्ति है: आगमन पद्धति और उन “मूर्तियों” की आलोचना जो मन को धुँधला करती हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- आगमन
- मूर्तियों का सिद्धांत
- ज्ञान ही शक्ति है
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
डेमोक्रिटस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Bacon praised the school of Democritus for dissecting nature rather than abstracting from it (New Organon, 1620) and discussed his atoms in On Principles and Origins (c. 1612). F. Bacon, Novum Organum (1620); De principiis atque originibus (c. 1612); SEP “Francis Bacon”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
डेमोक्रिटस › लगभग 460–370 ईसा पूर्व
निक्कोलो माकियावेल्ली
जिनसे प्रभावित
In The Advancement of Learning (1605) Bacon wrote ‘we are much beholden to Machiavel and others, that write what men do, and not what they ought to do’. F. Bacon, The Advancement of Learning (1605), Book II; SEP “Francis Bacon”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
निक्कोलो माकियावेल्ली › 1469–1527
बेर्नार्दीनो तेलेसियो
जिनसे प्रभावित
In On Principles and Origins (c. 1612) Bacon called Telesio ‘the first of the new men’ and discussed his heat and cold as principles revived from Parmenides. F. Bacon, De principiis atque originibus (c. 1612); SEP “Bernardino Telesio”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बेर्नार्दीनो तेलेसियो › 1509–1588
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 5
थॉमस हॉब्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Hobbes served Bacon as secretary in his last years, taking down his thoughts and helping translate Essays into Latin (Aubrey); how far Bacon shaped him is debated. J. Aubrey, Brief Lives, “Thomas Hobbes”; SEP “Thomas Hobbes”
थॉमस हॉब्स › 1588–1679
जॉन अमोस कॉमिनयस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Comenius praised Bacon’s Instauratio magna in the preface to his Physicae synopsis (1633) and took up its programme of renewing natural philosophy from the senses. J. A. Comenius, Physicae ad lumen divinum reformandae synopsis (1633), preface; F. Bacon, Instauratio magna (1620)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन अमोस कॉमिनयस › 1592–1670
जॉन लॉक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Locke’s ‘historical, plain method’ of describing the mind’s ideas in the Essay (1689) follows the Baconian natural history practised in the early Royal Society, as P. Anstey argues. J. Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding (1689), Introduction; P. R. Anstey, John Locke and Natural Philosophy (2011); SEP “John Locke”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
जामबातिस्ता विको
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Vico counted Bacon among his ‘four authors’ and modelled his oration On the Study Methods of Our Time (1709) on Bacon’s survey of the advancement of learning. G. Vico, De nostri temporis studiorum ratione (1709); Vita scritta da se medesimo (1725–28); SEP “Giambattista Vico”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जामबातिस्ता विको › 1668–1744
डेनिस दिदरो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Diderot credited Bacon in the Encyclopédie’s Prospectus (1750) and arranged its system of knowledge after Bacon’s division into memory, reason and imagination. D. Diderot, Prospectus de l’Encyclopédie (1750); Encyclopédie I (1751), Système figuré des connaissances humaines; SEP “Denis Diderot”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
डेनिस दिदरो › 1713–1784
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
अरस्तू
जिनकी आलोचना की
Bacon charged that Aristotle had corrupted natural philosophy with his dialectic, and set against the syllogism a method of gradual induction (Novum Organum, 1620, I.63). F. Bacon, Novum Organum (1620), I.11–14, I.54, I.63; SEP “Francis Bacon”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
कृतियाँ
- 1620नोवुम ऑर्गेनम
चिंतन का नया उपकरण: न्याय-अनुमान के बजाय आगमन।
मत
Bacon called for a “great instauration”, a renewal of all knowledge. Knowledge is power: it should serve to improve human life by understanding and mastering nature. To achieve this, the old Aristotelian logic must be replaced by a new method, a careful induction that collects observations, compares cases and excludes false explanations step by step. Beforehand the mind must be cleared of its “idols” – the errors of the species, of the individual, of language and of philosophical systems. His utopia New Atlantis imagined a state-sponsored research institute. Bacon became the patron of the Royal Society and of empiricism.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in London in 1561, Francis Bacon studied at Cambridge and trained as a lawyer. Under James I he rose to Attorney General and in 1618 Lord Chancellor, becoming Baron Verulam and Viscount St Alban. In 1621 the House of Lords, sitting as the highest court, found him guilty of accepting gifts from litigants, a widespread custom among judges of the time; he confessed, was fined and removed from office. He devoted his remaining years to his scientific programme and died in 1626.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Essays (1597)
- The Advancement of Learning (1605)
- Novum Organum (1620)
- New Atlantis (1627)
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