पियर गासेंदी
हम जो कुछ जानते हैं वह इंद्रियों से आरंभ होता है, और हम जानते हैं कि चीज़ें कैसी प्रतीत होती हैं, न कि वे स्वयं में क्या हैं; एपिकुरस के परमाणु प्रकृति की सबसे अच्छी व्याख्या करते हैं, बशर्ते ईश्वर उन्हें रचे और संचालित करे।
पृष्ठभूमि
प्रोवांस के पादरी, खगोलशास्त्री और पेरिस में गणित के प्रोफ़ेसर जिन्होंने एपिकुरुस के परमाणुवाद को ईसाई रूप में पुनर्जीवित किया – ईश्वर द्वारा रचे परमाणु, अमर आत्मा, विधान – और जिन्होंने देकार्त के मेडिटेशन्स पर आपत्ति की कि हमारा सारा ज्ञान इंद्रियों से आता है और सार तक नहीं, आभासों तक पहुँचता है।
मुख्य विचार
- ईसाईकृत एपिकुरीय परमाणुवाद
- ज्ञान इंद्रियों से आरंभ होता है
- देकार्त पर पाँचवीं आपत्तियाँ
- संयत संशयवाद: आभास, सार नहीं
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
एपिकुरुस
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Gassendi set out to revive Epicurus’ atomism and ethics of tranquillity, purged of what Christianity could not accept, in his Life of Epicurus (1647) and Syntagma philosophicum (1658). P. Gassendi, De vita et moribus Epicuri (1647); Animadversiones in decimum librum Diogenis Laertii (1649); Syntagma philosophicum (1658); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एपिकुरुस › 341–270 ईसा पूर्व
लुक्रेतिउस
जिनसे प्रभावित
For his reconstruction of atomism in the Syntagma philosophicum (1658) Gassendi drew on Lucretius’ On the Nature of Things, the fullest surviving account of Epicurean physics. P. Gassendi, Syntagma philosophicum (1658); Lucretius, De rerum natura; SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
लुक्रेतिउस › लगभग 99–55 ईसा पूर्व
सेक्सटस एम्पिरिकस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Gassendi’s early Paradoxical Exercises against the Aristotelians (1624) used the sceptical arguments of Sextus, which he later moderated into a constructive scepticism about appearances. P. Gassendi, Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (1624); R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सेक्सटस एम्पिरिकस › लगभग 160–210
गैलीलियो गैलिली
जिनसे प्रभावित
Gassendi corresponded with Galileo and tested his principle of shared motion by dropping stones from a moving ship’s mast (On Motion Impressed by a Moving Mover, 1642). P. Gassendi, De motu impresso a motore translato (1642); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
गैलीलियो गैलिली › 1564–1642
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
जॉन लॉक
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
During his years in France (1675–79) Locke met François Bernier, whose abridgement spread Gassendi’s philosophy; how much the Essay owes to Gassendi is disputed. F. Bernier, Abrégé de la philosophie de Gassendi (1674–78); R. W. Puster, Britische Gassendi-Rezeption am Beispiel John Lockes (1991); T. M. Lennon, The Battle of the Gods and Giants (1993); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
आलोचना
परस्पर आलोचना 1
रने देकार्त ⇄ परस्पर
जिनकी आलोचना की
In the Fifth Objections (1641; expanded as Disquisitio metaphysica, 1644) Gassendi doubted innate ideas and asked how an unextended mind could move a body. Descartes, Meditationes (1641), Fifth Objections (AT VII 256–346); P. Gassendi, Disquisitio metaphysica (1644); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Descartes replied to Gassendi’s Fifth Objections (1641) addressing him as ‘flesh’ and arguing that Gassendi, wanting to grasp everything through images, confused pure understanding with imagination. Descartes, Fifth Replies (AT VII 347–390); letter to Clerselier, 12 Jan. 1646 (AT IX-1 202–217)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
अरस्तू
जिनकी आलोचना की
In his Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (1624) Gassendi attacked Aristotelian logic and physics as taught in the schools, later setting Epicurean atomism against them. P. Gassendi, Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (1624); Syntagma philosophicum (1658); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
कृतियाँ
मेडिटेशन्स पर गासेंदी की पाँचवीं आपत्तियाँ, देकार्त के उत्तर और गासेंदी के प्रत्युत्तर, बिंदु-दर-बिंदु: मन स्वयं को और ईश्वर को केवल इंद्रियों से लिए गए विचारों के माध्यम से जानता है, और अस्तित्व किसी भी कर्म से अनुमानित किया जा सकता है, चलने से भी, सोचने से भी।
तर्कशास्त्र, भौतिकी और नीतिशास्त्र में उनकी मरणोपरांत प्रणाली: एपिकुरस के परमाणु और शून्य, पर ईश्वर द्वारा रचे और संख्या में सीमित, एक अमर तर्कशील आत्मा और शांत मन तथा पीड़ारहित शरीर का सुख।
मत
Gassendi set out to replace Aristotle’s natural philosophy with that of Epicurus, purged of what a Christian could not accept. Matter consists of indivisible atoms moving in a void, but the atoms are created by God, finite in number and set in motion by him; the world is governed by providence, and besides the material soul that humans share with animals there is an immortal rational soul. In the theory of knowledge he took a middle way between dogmatism and Pyrrhonian scepticism: all knowledge starts from the senses, and reason reaches the appearances of things and their probable causes, not their inner essences. This was the basis of his objections to Descartes. The mind, he argued, has no idea of itself or of God that does not come from sensory experience; Descartes could have inferred his existence from any of his actions, not only from thinking; and it is unclear how a mind without extension could be united with a body. He addressed Descartes as “O mind”, and Descartes answered “O flesh”. His ethics follows Epicurus: happiness is tranquillity of mind and the absence of bodily pain. Through the abridgement of his philosophy by his pupil François Bernier (1674–1678) and through Walter Charleton in England his atomism reached Boyle, Locke and Newton, though how much each of them owed to him is still debated.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Pierre Gassendi was born on 22 January 1592 in Champtercier near Digne in Provence, into a farming family. He studied at Digne and Aix, took a doctorate in theology at Avignon in 1614 and became a priest. From 1617 to 1623 he taught philosophy at the University of Aix, and his lectures against Aristotle became the first book of his Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (1624). When the Jesuits took over the college his teaching there ended; he remained a canon, and from 1634 provost, of the cathedral chapter of Digne. Through the antiquarian Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc and the Minim friar Marin Mersenne he joined the learned correspondence of Europe. In 1631 he was the first to observe a transit of Mercury across the Sun, which Kepler had predicted, and in 1640 he had a stone dropped from the mast of a moving galley at Marseille to show, in support of Galileo, that it lands at the foot of the mast. In 1641 he wrote the Fifth Objections to Descartes’ Meditations and in 1644 published the whole exchange with his rejoinders. Appointed professor of mathematics at the Collège royal in Paris in 1645, he gave up teaching after a few years because of illness. He wrote lives of Peiresc (1641) and of Epicurus (1647) and a large commentary on the tenth book of Diogenes Laertius (1649). He died in Paris on 24 October 1655; his Syntagma philosophicum appeared in his collected works (Lyon, 1658).
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (book I, 1624)
- Fifth Objections to Descartes’ Meditations (1641)
- Life of Peiresc (Viri illustris Nicolai Claudii Fabricii de Peiresc vita, 1641)
- On the Life and Character of Epicurus (De vita et moribus Epicuri, 1647)
- Notes on the Tenth Book of Diogenes Laertius (Animadversiones in decimum librum Diogenis Laertii, 1649)
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