मेरी वुलस्टोनक्राफ़्ट
स्त्रियाँ कम विवेकशील केवल इसलिए दिखती हैं कि उन्हें शिक्षा से वंचित रखा गया है; उन्हें पुरुषों जैसी ही शिक्षा और अधिकार दीजिए।
पृष्ठभूमि
क्रांतिकारी दशक की राजनीतिक दार्शनिक: बर्क के विरुद्ध फ़्रांसीसी क्रांति का बचाव करने के बाद उन्होंने “अ विंडिकेशन ऑफ़ द राइट्स ऑफ़ वूमेन” (1792) में तर्क दिया कि स्त्रियों में तर्क की नहीं, शिक्षा की कमी है।
मुख्य विचार
- समान शिक्षा
- स्त्री के अधिकार
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
जॉन लॉक
जिनसे प्रभावित
Wollstonecraft built on Locke’s view that the mind is formed by experience and education, arguing women’s apparent weakness is an effect of their upbringing (Rights of Woman, 1792). M. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792); SEP “Mary Wollstonecraft”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन लॉक › 1632–1704
कैथरीन मैकॉले
जिनसे प्रभावित
Wollstonecraft reviewed Macaulay’s Letters on Education (1790) and in the Rights of Woman (1792) took up her argument that both sexes should receive the same education. M. Wollstonecraft, review in the Analytical Review (Nov. 1790); A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792); C. Macaulay, Letters on Education (1790); SEP “Mary Wollstonecraft”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कैथरीन मैकॉले › 1731–1791
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
एमा गोल्डमन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Goldman lectured on Wollstonecraft as a pioneer of women’s freedom whose life showed the price of defying convention (lecture c. 1911; publ. 1981). E. Goldman, “Mary Wollstonecraft, Her Tragic Life and Her Passionate Struggle for Freedom”, ed. A. Wexler, Feminist Studies 7 (1981)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एमा गोल्डमन › 1869–1940
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
जाँ-जाक रुसो जिनसे प्रभावित
जिनसे प्रभावित
Wollstonecraft shared Rousseau’s critique of rank and luxury and his call for an education strengthening body and mind, but extended it to girls (Rights of Woman, 1792). M. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792); SEP “Mary Wollstonecraft”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनकी आलोचना की
Wollstonecraft attacked Rousseau’s Émile for training Sophie for dependence and pleasing men, insisting that women need the same rational education as men (Rights of Woman, 1792, ch. 5). M. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), ch. 5; SEP “Mary Wollstonecraft”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जाँ-जाक रुसो › 1712–1778
एडमण्ड बर्क
जिनकी आलोचना की
Wollstonecraft answered Burke’s Reflections in A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790), charging that his reverence for tradition defended property and privilege rather than liberty. M. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790); SEP “Mary Wollstonecraft”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडमण्ड बर्क › 1729–1797
कृतियाँ
समान तर्क समान शिक्षा की माँग करता है – रूसो की सोफ़ी के विरुद्ध।
मत
Wollstonecraft applied the Enlightenment’s principles of reason and equal rights to women. Women appear weak, vain and dependent, she argued, not by nature but because they are educated to please men rather than to think. Since women possess reason and an immortal soul just as men do, they are entitled to the same education, to virtue grounded in understanding and to independence through work. Marriage should be a partnership between equals. First she defended the French Revolution against Edmund Burke, then turned the language of rights against Rousseau’s view of women. Her Vindication of the Rights of Woman is considered a founding text of modern feminism.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Born in London in 1759, Mary Wollstonecraft supported herself as a companion, governess, school founder and finally as a writer and translator for the radical publisher Joseph Johnson. In 1792 she went to revolutionary Paris. In 1797 she married the philosopher William Godwin and died the same year, shortly after the birth of her daughter Mary, later the author of Frankenstein.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1787)
- A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790)
- A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
- Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796)
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