约翰·斯图尔特·密尔
在密尔看来，人们应当可以自由地做任何不伤害他人的事情——而最好的行为是增进幸福的行为，其中高级的快乐更为重要。
定位
完善了功利主义，并以伤害原则为个人自由辩护。
核心思想
- 伤害原则
- 快乐的质的区别
- 平等的权利
老师: 杰里米·边沁
影响
受影响于 5
柏拉图
受其影响
Mill translated several of Plato’s dialogues (1834–35) and called the Socratic method of the dialogues unsurpassed as a discipline for correcting errors (Autobiography, 1873). J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873), ch. 1; translations of Platonic dialogues in the Monthly Repository (1834–35)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
柏拉图 › 公元前428—前348年
杰里米·边沁 师从
师从 ✓
Mill was taught by his father James Mill, not by Bentham, but grew up in Bentham’s circle; he called his reading of Bentham’s Traités de législation (ed. Dumont) in 1821–22 an epoch in his life and in 1825–27 edited Bentham’s Rationale of Judicial Evidence. A mentorship rather than formal teaching. J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873), chs. 3–4
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
杰里米·边沁 › 1748–1832
奥古斯特·孔德
受其影响
Mill took up Comte’s positive method and law of three stages in A System of Logic (1843); Auguste Comte and Positivism (1865) rejected the later system as despotic. J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843); Auguste Comte and Positivism (1865); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
奥古斯特·孔德 › 1798–1857
亚历克西·德·托克维尔
受其影响
Mill reviewed both volumes of Democracy in America (1835, 1840) and took up Tocqueville’s ‘tyranny of the majority’ in On Liberty (1859). J. S. Mill, reviews of De la démocratie en Amérique, London and Westminster Review (1835), Edinburgh Review (1840); On Liberty (1859); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
亚历克西·德·托克维尔 › 1805–1859
哈丽雅特·泰勒·密尔 影响了
受其影响
Mill’s Autobiography (1873) calls Taylor Mill co-author of On Liberty (1859) and source of the social ideas of the Political Economy; the extent of her share is disputed. J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873); On Liberty (1859); Principles of Political Economy (1848); SEP “Harriet Taylor Mill”
依据: AI 草稿
影响了
From 1830 Taylor Mill worked out her views in exchange with Mill, beginning with their essays on marriage and divorce (c. 1832); her ‘Enfranchisement of Women’ followed (1851). J. S. Mill and H. Taylor, essays on marriage and divorce (c. 1832), in F. A. Hayek, John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor (1951); H. Taylor Mill, “Enfranchisement of Women”, Westminster Review (1851); SEP “Harriet Taylor Mill”
依据: AI 草稿
哈丽雅特·泰勒·密尔 › 1807–1858
影响了 13
亨利·西季威克
影响了
In the autobiographical preface to The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901) Sidgwick recalled how Mill’s utilitarianism relieved him of arbitrary moral rules, though he doubted Mill’s proof. H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901), preface; SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
依据: AI 草稿
亨利·西季威克 › 1838–1900
伯特兰·罗素
影响了 ✓
Russell, Mill’s lay godson, gave up the first-cause argument on reading Mill’s Autobiography, as he recalled in 1927, and honoured him in a British Academy lecture (1955). B. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian” (1927); “John Stuart Mill”, Proceedings of the British Academy 41 (1955); J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
伯特兰·罗素 › 1872–1970
以赛亚·伯林
影响了
Berlin read Mill as a defender of negative liberty and human diversity whose liberalism went beyond his utilitarianism (‘John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life’, 1959). I. Berlin, “John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life” (1959), in Four Essays on Liberty (1969)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
以赛亚·伯林 › 1909–1997
保罗·费耶阿本德
影响了
Feyerabend grounded his principle of proliferation – develop rival theories to test accepted ones – in Mill’s defence of free discussion in On Liberty (Against Method, 1975). P. K. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
保罗·费耶阿本德 › 1924–1994
彼得·辛格
影响了
Singer took up the classical utilitarianism of Bentham, Mill and Sidgwick, judging actions by their consequences for the interests of all affected (Practical Ethics, 1979). P. Singer, Practical Ethics (1979); J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861/63); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
彼得·辛格 › 1946年生
显示全部 (13)收起
格奥尔格·勃兰兑斯
影响了
Brandes translated Mill’s The Subjection of Women into Danish (1869), met him in London in 1870, and drew on his liberalism in Main Currents of Nineteenth-Century Literature (1872–90). J. S. Mill, Kvindernes Underkuelse, tr. G. Brandes (1869); G. Brandes, Hovedstrømninger i det 19de Aarhundredes Litteratur (1872–90)
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·勃兰兑斯 › 1842–1927
哈拉尔德·霍夫丁
影响了
Høffding’s Ethics (1887) made the welfare of all the measure of morality, after Bentham and Mill, and ‘Democratic Radicalism’ (1889) defended it against Brandes. H. Høffding, Etik (1887); “Demokratisk Radikalisme”, Tilskueren (1889)
依据: AI 草稿
哈拉尔德·霍夫丁 › 1843–1931
严复
影响了
Yan Fu translated Mill’s On Liberty (Qunji quanjie lun, 1903) and part of the System of Logic (1905); how faithfully he rendered Mill’s liberty is debated. Yan Fu, Qunji quanjie lun (1903); Mule mingxue (1905); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power (1964); M. K. Huang, The Meaning of Freedom: Yan Fu and the Origins of Chinese Liberalism (2008)
依据: AI 草稿
严复 › 1854–1921
R. M. 黑尔
影响了
Hare linked his two levels of moral thinking – intuitive everyday rules and critical utilitarian reasoning – to Mill’s secondary principles and first principle (Moral Thinking, 1981). R. M. Hare, Moral Thinking: Its Levels, Method, and Point (1981); J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861/63); SEP “Richard Mervyn Hare”
依据: AI 草稿
R. M. 黑尔 › 1919–2002
卡罗尔·佩特曼
影响了
Pateman drew on Mill’s view that taking part in politics educates citizens for her theory of participatory democracy (Participation and Democratic Theory, 1970). C. Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (1970); J. S. Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (1861)
依据: AI 草稿
卡罗尔·佩特曼 › 1940年生
夸梅·安东尼·阿皮亚
影响了
Appiah opened The Ethics of Identity (2005) with Mill’s ideal of individuality from On Liberty and asked how it fits with social identities. K. A. Appiah, The Ethics of Identity (2005); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859)
依据: AI 草稿
夸梅·安东尼·阿皮亚 › 1954年生
伊丽莎白·安德森
影响了
Anderson read Mill’s ‘experiments in living’ as a model of how ethical knowledge is gained and revised through experience (‘John Stuart Mill and Experiments in Living’, 1991). E. Anderson, “John Stuart Mill and Experiments in Living”, Ethics 102 (1991); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859)
依据: AI 草稿
伊丽莎白·安德森 › 1959年生
批评
受批评于 7
威廉·狄尔泰
受其批评
Dilthey rejected the claim of Mill’s Logic (1843, Book VI) that the moral sciences must borrow the methods of the natural sciences, setting understanding (Verstehen) against explanation. W. Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (1883), Preface; Ideen über eine beschreibende und zergliedernde Psychologie (1894); J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), Book VI
依据: AI 草稿
威廉·狄尔泰 › 1833–1911
戈特洛布·弗雷格
受其批评
Frege rejected Mill’s view of numbers as properties of aggregates and of arithmetic as inductive, mocking it as an arithmetic of pebbles and gingerbread (Grundlagen der Arithmetik, 1884, §§ 7–11). G. Frege, Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884), §§ 7–11, 23–25; J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), book II, ch. 6
依据: AI 草稿
戈特洛布·弗雷格 › 1848–1925
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔
受其批评
In the Prolegomena to the Logical Investigations (1900) Husserl rejected Mill’s psychologism, which treats the laws of logic, including non-contradiction, as empirical generalisations about thinking. E. Husserl, Logische Untersuchungen I: Prolegomena zur reinen Logik (1900), chs. 3–5; SEP “Psychologism”
依据: AI 草稿
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔 › 1859–1938
G. E. 摩尔
受其批评
Moore charged Mill with the naturalistic fallacy for inferring ‘desirable’ from ‘desired’, as if ‘desirable’ meant ‘able to be desired’ like ‘visible’ (Principia Ethica, 1903, §§ 39–40). G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica (1903), ch. III, §§ 39–40; J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861), ch. 4
依据: AI 草稿
G. E. 摩尔 › 1873–1958
G. E. M. 安斯康姆
受其批评
Anscombe held that Mill, like Kant, ignores the need to stipulate which description of an act is relevant, so his principle lacks content (‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, 1958). G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958), 1–19
依据: AI 草稿
G. E. M. 安斯康姆 › 1919–2001
约翰·罗尔斯
受其批评
Rawls objected that Mill’s utilitarian defence of liberty makes liberties hostage to uncertain calculations; justice as fairness gives them priority (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), § 33; Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy (2007), lectures on Mill
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·罗尔斯 › 1921–2002
伯纳德·威廉斯
受其批评
Williams’s critique of utilitarianism, aimed chiefly at Smart, extends to Mill’s: it weighs lives impersonally and leaves no place for integrity (Utilitarianism: For and Against, 1973). B. Williams, “A Critique of Utilitarianism”, in J. J. C. Smart & B. Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (1973); Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (1985), chs. 5–6
依据: AI 草稿
伯纳德·威廉斯 › 1929–2003
批评了 2
亚里士多德
批评了
Mill dismissed Aristotle’s categories as ‘a mere catalogue’ of everyday distinctions and held that the syllogism, taken as proof, begs the question (A System of Logic, 1843). J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), book I, ch. 3; book II, ch. 3
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
伊曼努尔·康德
批评了
Mill argued that when Kant derives actual duties from the categorical imperative he shows no contradiction, only consequences no one would choose (Utilitarianism, 1861, ch. 1). J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861), ch. 1; ch. 5
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
作品
立场
Mill broadened Bentham’s utilitarianism: actions are right as they promote happiness, but pleasures differ in quality – “better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.” In On Liberty he formulated the harm principle: society may restrict an individual’s freedom only to prevent harm to others. He exempted “barbarians” and “backward states of society” from it: despotism, he wrote, is a legitimate mode of government for them, “provided the end be their improvement” – a view shaped by his decades of work for the East India Company. Freedom of thought and discussion, and the cultivation of individuality, are essential to human progress. In The Subjection of Women he argued for the full legal and social equality of women, and in Parliament for women’s suffrage. His System of Logic grounded scientific inference in experience. He is often counted the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century, and On Liberty became a classic of liberalism.
生平与背景
Born in London in 1806, John Stuart Mill was rigorously educated by his father James Mill, learning Greek at three. A mental crisis at twenty taught him the value of feeling and poetry. He worked for the East India Company for 35 years, shared his intellectual life with the writer Harriet Taylor, whom he married in 1851 and whose share in his work he stressed, and served as a Member of Parliament. He died in Avignon in 1873.
其他主要作品
- A System of Logic (1843)
- Principles of Political Economy (1848)
- On Liberty (1859)
- Utilitarianism (1863)
- The Subjection of Women (1869)
出现在
- 争论 ‘言论自由及其界限’
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