威廉·詹姆斯
一个观念如果在经验中行得通就是真的，意识是一条流动的河流，而在证据无法裁决的地方，我们有权去相信。
定位
真的就是在实践中证明自身的东西：彻底经验主义与“意识流”。
核心思想
- 意识流
- 相信的意志
- 实用主义真理论
学生: W. E. B. 杜波依斯
影响
受影响于 7
布莱兹·帕斯卡
拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
受其影响 ✓
James, whose father was Emerson’s friend, spoke at the Emerson centenary in Concord (1903), praising his faith in the worth of each individual’s experience. W. James, “Address at the Emerson Centenary in Concord” (1903), in Memories and Studies (1911); SEP “William James”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 › 1803–1882
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔
受其影响
James dedicated Pragmatism (1907) to the memory of Mill, from whom he had ‘first learned the pragmatic openness of mind’. W. James, Pragmatism (1907), dedication; SEP “William James”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 › 1806–1873
查尔斯·达尔文
受其影响
James’s Principles of Psychology (1890) treated mind as a function serving the organism’s adaptation, and ‘Great Men and Their Environment’ (1880) applied Darwin’s spontaneous variation to history. W. James, “Great Men and Their Environment” (1880); The Principles of Psychology (1890); SEP “William James”
依据: AI 草稿
查尔斯·达尔文 › 1809–1882
查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士
受其影响
In ‘Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results’ (1898) James credited Peirce’s ‘How to Make Our Ideas Clear’ (1878) with the principle of pragmatism and made it widely known. W. James, “Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results” (1898); C. S. Peirce, “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” (1878); SEP “Pragmatism”
依据: AI 草稿
查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士 › 1839–1914
哈拉尔德·霍夫丁
受其影响
James cited Høffding’s psychology in The Principles of Psychology (1890) and wrote the preface to the English translation of his The Problems of Philosophy (1905). W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890); preface to H. Høffding, The Problems of Philosophy (1905)
依据: AI 草稿
哈拉尔德·霍夫丁 › 1843–1931
亨利·柏格森
受其影响
In A Pluralistic Universe (1909) James devoted a lecture to Bergson and his critique of intellectualism, taking from him that concepts cut up the continuous flux of experience. W. James, A Pluralistic Universe (1909), “Bergson and His Critique of Intellectualism”; letter to Bergson, 13 June 1907; SEP “William James”
依据: AI 草稿
亨利·柏格森 › 1859–1941
影响了 11
W. E. B. 杜波依斯 教过
教过 ✓
Du Bois studied at Harvard from 1888, took James’s courses and was a guest in his home; he later called James ‘my friend and guide to clear thinking’. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois (1968); Dusk of Dawn (1940)
依据: AI 草稿
W. E. B. 杜波依斯 › 1868–1963
西田几多郎
影响了
Nishida’s An Inquiry into the Good (1911) took up William James’s ‘pure experience’ and made it the sole reality, prior to the distinction of subject and object. Nishida Kitarō, Zen no kenkyū (1911), tr. M. Abe & C. Ives, An Inquiry into the Good (1990); W. James, “A World of Pure Experience” (1904); SEP “Nishida Kitarō”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
西田几多郎 › 1870–1945
路德维希·维特根斯坦
影响了
Wittgenstein found James’s Varieties of Religious Experience helpful (letter to Russell, 1912) and used his Principles of Psychology as a foil in the Philosophical Investigations (publ. 1953). L. Wittgenstein, letter to B. Russell (June 1912); Philosophische Untersuchungen (publ. 1953); R. B. Goodman, Wittgenstein and William James (2002); SEP “William James”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
路德维希·维特根斯坦 › 1889–1951
希拉里·普特南
影响了 ✓
Putnam took up James’s natural realism about perception and his pragmatism, which joins fallibilism with antiscepticism (‘James’s Theory of Perception’, 1990; Pragmatism: An Open Question, 1995). H. Putnam, “James’s Theory of Perception”, in Realism with a Human Face (1990); Pragmatism: An Open Question (1995); SEP “William James”
希拉里·普特南 › 1926–2016
理查德·罗蒂
显示全部 (11)收起
阿尔弗雷德·诺思·怀特海
影响了
In Science and the Modern World (1925) Whitehead compared James’s essay ‘Does Consciousness Exist?’ (1904) with Descartes’s Discourse as marking the start of a new philosophical period. A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (1925); W. James, “Does Consciousness Exist?” (1904)
依据: AI 草稿
阿尔弗雷德·诺思·怀特海 › 1861–1947
乔治·赫伯特·米德
影响了
Mead met William James at Harvard in 1887–88 and tutored his son, but did not study with him; his distinction between the “I” and the “me” takes up James’s analysis of the self in The Principles of Psychology (1890). SEP “George Herbert Mead”; W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), ch. 10; G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934)
依据: AI 草稿
乔治·赫伯特·米德 › 1863–1931
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨
影响了
Schutz reworked James’s sub-universes of reality into ‘finite provinces of meaning’, with the everyday world of working as paramount reality (‘On Multiple Realities’, 1945). A. Schutz, “On Multiple Realities”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 5 (1945); W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
依据: AI 草稿
阿尔弗雷德·舒茨 › 1899–1959
欧文·戈夫曼
影响了
Goffman opened Frame Analysis (1974) with James’s question under what circumstances we think things real and his account of the many ‘sub-universes’ of reality. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), “The Perception of Reality”; SEP “William James”
依据: AI 草稿
欧文·戈夫曼 › 1922–1982
布鲁诺·拉图尔
影响了
Latour took from James’s radical empiricism the claim that relations are given in experience, a premise of his Enquête sur les modes d’existence (2012). B. Latour, Enquête sur les modes d’existence (2012); W. James, Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912)
依据: AI 草稿
布鲁诺·拉图尔 › 1947–2022
批评
受批评于 2
伯特兰·罗素
受其批评
Russell objected that James’s pragmatist theory confuses a criterion of truth with its meaning: ‘true’ cannot mean ‘useful to believe’ (‘William James’s Conception of Truth’, 1908). B. Russell, “William James’s Conception of Truth” (1908), in Philosophical Essays (1910); W. James, Pragmatism (1907), Lecture VI
依据: AI 草稿
伯特兰·罗素 › 1872–1970
萨瓦帕利·拉达克里希南
受其批评
In the same book Radhakrishnan criticised pragmatism and James’s “pluralistic universe” as products of religious prejudice interfering with philosophy, whose honest course ends in absolute idealism. S. Radhakrishnan, The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy (1920), preface and chs. VIII–IX
依据: AI 草稿
萨瓦帕利·拉达克里希南 › 1888–1975
批评了 2
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
批评了
James rejected Hegel’s monistic absolute, which leaves no room for real plurality and novelty, though he valued Hegel’s vision of dialectical movement (A Pluralistic Universe, 1909). W. James, “On Some Hegelisms” (1882), in The Will to Believe (1897); A Pluralistic Universe (1909), Lecture III; SEP “William James”
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
斯瓦米·维韦卡南达
批评了
In Pragmatism (1907) James quoted Vivekananda, “the paragon of Vedantist missionaries”, as the voice of absolute monism – emotionally reassuring, but rejected for his pluralism; the Varieties (1902) cite his Raja Yoga on mystical states. W. James, Pragmatism (1907), Lecture IV “The One and the Many”; The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), Lectures XVI–XVII
依据: AI 草稿
斯瓦米·维韦卡南达 › 1863–1902
作品
立场
James approached philosophy as a psychologist and a humanist. He described consciousness not as a chain of separate ideas but as a continuous “stream”. His pragmatism holds that the truth of an idea shows itself in its “cash value” – in the difference it makes in experience; true ideas are those we can assimilate, validate and verify. In “The Will to Believe” he defended the right to believe where evidence cannot decide but a choice is unavoidable. The Varieties of Religious Experience judged religion by its fruits in human life. His radical empiricism and pluralism rejected closed systems in favour of an open, unfinished universe.
生平与背景
William James, older brother of the novelist Henry James, grew up between New York and Europe and studied medicine at Harvard. After a deep personal crisis he taught physiology, psychology and philosophy at Harvard. His textbook on psychology made him a founder of the discipline in America, and his lectures made pragmatism famous worldwide.
其他主要作品
- The Principles of Psychology (1890)
- The Will to Believe (1897)
- The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902)
- Pragmatism (1907)
- Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912)
出现在
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