John Stuart Mill
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Umiejscowienie
Dopracował utylitaryzm i bronił wolności jednostki za pomocą zasady szkody.
Kluczowe idee
- Zasada szkody
- Przyjemności jakościowe
- Równe prawa
Nauczyciele: Jeremy Bentham
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 5
Platon
pod wpływem
Mill translated several of Plato’s dialogues (1834–35) and called the Socratic method of the dialogues unsurpassed as a discipline for correcting errors (Autobiography, 1873). J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873), ch. 1; translations of Platonic dialogues in the Monthly Repository (1834–35)
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Platon › 428–348 p.n.e.
Jeremy Bentham nauczyciel(ka)
nauczyciel(ka) ✓
Mill was taught by his father James Mill, not by Bentham, but grew up in Bentham’s circle; he called his reading of Bentham’s Traités de législation (ed. Dumont) in 1821–22 an epoch in his life and in 1825–27 edited Bentham’s Rationale of Judicial Evidence. A mentorship rather than formal teaching. J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873), chs. 3–4
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Jeremy Bentham › 1748–1832
Auguste Comte
pod wpływem
Mill took up Comte’s positive method and law of three stages in A System of Logic (1843); Auguste Comte and Positivism (1865) rejected the later system as despotic. J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843); Auguste Comte and Positivism (1865); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
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Auguste Comte › 1798–1857
Alexis de Tocqueville
pod wpływem
Mill reviewed both volumes of Democracy in America (1835, 1840) and took up Tocqueville’s ‘tyranny of the majority’ in On Liberty (1859). J. S. Mill, reviews of De la démocratie en Amérique, London and Westminster Review (1835), Edinburgh Review (1840); On Liberty (1859); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
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Alexis de Tocqueville › 1805–1859
Harriet Taylor Mill wpływ na
pod wpływem
Mill’s Autobiography (1873) calls Taylor Mill co-author of On Liberty (1859) and source of the social ideas of the Political Economy; the extent of her share is disputed. J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873); On Liberty (1859); Principles of Political Economy (1848); SEP “Harriet Taylor Mill”
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wpływ na
From 1830 Taylor Mill worked out her views in exchange with Mill, beginning with their essays on marriage and divorce (c. 1832); her ‘Enfranchisement of Women’ followed (1851). J. S. Mill and H. Taylor, essays on marriage and divorce (c. 1832), in F. A. Hayek, John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor (1951); H. Taylor Mill, “Enfranchisement of Women”, Westminster Review (1851); SEP “Harriet Taylor Mill”
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Harriet Taylor Mill › 1807–1858
Wpływ na 13
Henry Sidgwick
wpływ na
In the autobiographical preface to The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901) Sidgwick recalled how Mill’s utilitarianism relieved him of arbitrary moral rules, though he doubted Mill’s proof. H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901), preface; SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
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Henry Sidgwick › 1838–1900
William James
wpływ na
James dedicated Pragmatism (1907) to the memory of Mill, from whom he had ‘first learned the pragmatic openness of mind’. W. James, Pragmatism (1907), dedication; SEP “William James”
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William James › 1842–1910
Bertrand Russell
wpływ na ✓
Russell, Mill’s lay godson, gave up the first-cause argument on reading Mill’s Autobiography, as he recalled in 1927, and honoured him in a British Academy lecture (1955). B. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian” (1927); “John Stuart Mill”, Proceedings of the British Academy 41 (1955); J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
Bertrand Russell › 1872–1970
Isaiah Berlin
wpływ na
Berlin read Mill as a defender of negative liberty and human diversity whose liberalism went beyond his utilitarianism (‘John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life’, 1959). I. Berlin, “John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life” (1959), in Four Essays on Liberty (1969)
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Isaiah Berlin › 1909–1997
Paul Feyerabend
wpływ na
Feyerabend grounded his principle of proliferation – develop rival theories to test accepted ones – in Mill’s defence of free discussion in On Liberty (Against Method, 1975). P. K. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
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Paul Feyerabend › 1924–1994
Peter Singer
wpływ na
Singer took up the classical utilitarianism of Bentham, Mill and Sidgwick, judging actions by their consequences for the interests of all affected (Practical Ethics, 1979). P. Singer, Practical Ethics (1979); J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861/63); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
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Peter Singer › ur. 1946
Pokaż wszystko (13)Pokaż mniej
Georg Brandes
wpływ na
Brandes translated Mill’s The Subjection of Women into Danish (1869), met him in London in 1870, and drew on his liberalism in Main Currents of Nineteenth-Century Literature (1872–90). J. S. Mill, Kvindernes Underkuelse, tr. G. Brandes (1869); G. Brandes, Hovedstrømninger i det 19de Aarhundredes Litteratur (1872–90)
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Georg Brandes › 1842–1927
Harald Høffding
wpływ na
Høffding’s Ethics (1887) made the welfare of all the measure of morality, after Bentham and Mill, and ‘Democratic Radicalism’ (1889) defended it against Brandes. H. Høffding, Etik (1887); “Demokratisk Radikalisme”, Tilskueren (1889)
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Harald Høffding › 1843–1931
Yan Fu
wpływ na
Yan Fu translated Mill’s On Liberty (Qunji quanjie lun, 1903) and part of the System of Logic (1905); how faithfully he rendered Mill’s liberty is debated. Yan Fu, Qunji quanjie lun (1903); Mule mingxue (1905); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power (1964); M. K. Huang, The Meaning of Freedom: Yan Fu and the Origins of Chinese Liberalism (2008)
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Yan Fu › 1854–1921
Richard Hare
wpływ na
Hare linked his two levels of moral thinking – intuitive everyday rules and critical utilitarian reasoning – to Mill’s secondary principles and first principle (Moral Thinking, 1981). R. M. Hare, Moral Thinking: Its Levels, Method, and Point (1981); J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861/63); SEP “Richard Mervyn Hare”
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Richard Hare › 1919–2002
Carole Pateman
wpływ na
Pateman drew on Mill’s view that taking part in politics educates citizens for her theory of participatory democracy (Participation and Democratic Theory, 1970). C. Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (1970); J. S. Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (1861)
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Carole Pateman › ur. 1940
Kwame Anthony Appiah
wpływ na
Appiah opened The Ethics of Identity (2005) with Mill’s ideal of individuality from On Liberty and asked how it fits with social identities. K. A. Appiah, The Ethics of Identity (2005); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859)
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Kwame Anthony Appiah › ur. 1954
Elizabeth S. Anderson
wpływ na
Anderson read Mill’s ‘experiments in living’ as a model of how ethical knowledge is gained and revised through experience (‘John Stuart Mill and Experiments in Living’, 1991). E. Anderson, “John Stuart Mill and Experiments in Living”, Ethics 102 (1991); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859)
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Elizabeth S. Anderson › ur. 1959
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 7
Wilhelm Dilthey
krytyka ze strony
Dilthey rejected the claim of Mill’s Logic (1843, Book VI) that the moral sciences must borrow the methods of the natural sciences, setting understanding (Verstehen) against explanation. W. Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (1883), Preface; Ideen über eine beschreibende und zergliedernde Psychologie (1894); J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), Book VI
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Wilhelm Dilthey › 1833–1911
Gottlob Frege
krytyka ze strony
Frege rejected Mill’s view of numbers as properties of aggregates and of arithmetic as inductive, mocking it as an arithmetic of pebbles and gingerbread (Grundlagen der Arithmetik, 1884, §§ 7–11). G. Frege, Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884), §§ 7–11, 23–25; J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), book II, ch. 6
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Gottlob Frege › 1848–1925
Edmund Husserl
krytyka ze strony
In the Prolegomena to the Logical Investigations (1900) Husserl rejected Mill’s psychologism, which treats the laws of logic, including non-contradiction, as empirical generalisations about thinking. E. Husserl, Logische Untersuchungen I: Prolegomena zur reinen Logik (1900), chs. 3–5; SEP “Psychologism”
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Edmund Husserl › 1859–1938
George Edward Moore
krytyka ze strony
Moore charged Mill with the naturalistic fallacy for inferring ‘desirable’ from ‘desired’, as if ‘desirable’ meant ‘able to be desired’ like ‘visible’ (Principia Ethica, 1903, §§ 39–40). G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica (1903), ch. III, §§ 39–40; J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861), ch. 4
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George Edward Moore › 1873–1958
Elizabeth Anscombe
krytyka ze strony
Anscombe held that Mill, like Kant, ignores the need to stipulate which description of an act is relevant, so his principle lacks content (‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, 1958). G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958), 1–19
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Elizabeth Anscombe › 1919–2001
John Rawls
krytyka ze strony
Rawls objected that Mill’s utilitarian defence of liberty makes liberties hostage to uncertain calculations; justice as fairness gives them priority (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), § 33; Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy (2007), lectures on Mill
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John Rawls › 1921–2002
Bernard Williams
krytyka ze strony
Williams’s critique of utilitarianism, aimed chiefly at Smart, extends to Mill’s: it weighs lives impersonally and leaves no place for integrity (Utilitarianism: For and Against, 1973). B. Williams, “A Critique of Utilitarianism”, in J. J. C. Smart & B. Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (1973); Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (1985), chs. 5–6
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Bernard Williams › 1929–2003
Krytykuje 2
Arystoteles
krytykuje
Mill dismissed Aristotle’s categories as ‘a mere catalogue’ of everyday distinctions and held that the syllogism, taken as proof, begs the question (A System of Logic, 1843). J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), book I, ch. 3; book II, ch. 3
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Arystoteles › 384–322 p.n.e.
Immanuel Kant
krytykuje
Mill argued that when Kant derives actual duties from the categorical imperative he shows no contradiction, only consequences no one would choose (Utilitarianism, 1861, ch. 1). J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861), ch. 1; ch. 5
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Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804
Dzieła
- 1843System logiki
Logika indukcyjna i metoda nauk – logika jako psychologia.
- 1859On Liberty
Zasada szkody i tyrania większości.
- 1863Utylitaryzm
Lepiej być niezadowolonym Sokratesem niż zadowolonym głupcem.
Za pełną równością prawną płci.
Stanowisko
Mill broadened Bentham’s utilitarianism: actions are right as they promote happiness, but pleasures differ in quality – “better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.” In On Liberty he formulated the harm principle: society may restrict an individual’s freedom only to prevent harm to others. He exempted “barbarians” and “backward states of society” from it: despotism, he wrote, is a legitimate mode of government for them, “provided the end be their improvement” – a view shaped by his decades of work for the East India Company. Freedom of thought and discussion, and the cultivation of individuality, are essential to human progress. In The Subjection of Women he argued for the full legal and social equality of women, and in Parliament for women’s suffrage. His System of Logic grounded scientific inference in experience. He is often counted the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century, and On Liberty became a classic of liberalism.
Życie i kontekst
Born in London in 1806, John Stuart Mill was rigorously educated by his father James Mill, learning Greek at three. A mental crisis at twenty taught him the value of feeling and poetry. He worked for the East India Company for 35 years, shared his intellectual life with the writer Harriet Taylor, whom he married in 1851 and whose share in his work he stressed, and served as a Member of Parliament. He died in Avignon in 1873.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- A System of Logic (1843)
- Principles of Political Economy (1848)
- Utilitarianism (1863)
- The Subjection of Women (1869)
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