威廉·狄尔泰
我们从外部解释自然，但从内部理解人的生活——所以人文科学需要自己的方法。
定位
精神科学的奠基：我们对自然作解释，而对精神的生命作理解。
核心思想
- 理解与解释
- 生命哲学
- 历史主义
老师: 弗里德里希·阿道夫·特兰德伦堡, 库诺·费舍
影响
受影响于 5
伊曼努尔·康德
受其影响 ✓
Dilthey called his project a ‘critique of historical reason’, doing for the human sciences what Kant had done for natural science (Introduction to the Human Sciences, 1883). W. Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (1883); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
弗里德里希·施莱尔马赫
受其影响 ✓
Dilthey wrote a Life of Schleiermacher (1870) and in ‘The Rise of Hermeneutics’ (1900) took Schleiermacher’s art of understanding as the basis of the human sciences. W. Dilthey, Leben Schleiermachers I (1870); “Die Entstehung der Hermeneutik” (1900); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
弗里德里希·施莱尔马赫 › 1768–1834
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
受其影响 ✓
In Die Jugendgeschichte Hegels (1905) Dilthey opened up Hegel’s early theological manuscripts, and he took over Hegel’s objective spirit, without its metaphysics, for the human sciences (Aufbau, 1910). W. Dilthey, Die Jugendgeschichte Hegels (1905); Der Aufbau der geschichtlichen Welt in den Geisteswissenschaften (1910); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
弗里德里希·阿道夫·特兰德伦堡 师从
师从
In Berlin Dilthey came under the influence of Trendelenburg and Boeckh, both pupils of Schleiermacher. SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey” (R. Makkreel), §1.2
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·阿道夫·特兰德伦堡 › 1802–1872
库诺·费舍 师从
师从
At Heidelberg Dilthey was introduced by Fischer to the idealist systems. SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey” (R. Makkreel), §1.2
依据: AI 草稿
库诺·费舍 › 1824–1907
影响了 8
乔治·赫伯特·米德 教过
教过
Mead took two courses with Dilthey during his study in Germany. SEP “George Herbert Mead” (M. Aboulafia, S. Taylor), §1
依据: AI 草稿
乔治·赫伯特·米德 › 1863–1931
马克斯·韦伯
影响了 存在争议
In Roscher and Knies Weber cites several Dilthey essays with approval, but how far he followed Dilthey’s Verstehen is open, and the SEP entry sets Weber’s concept formation against Dilthey’s. R. Wanstrat, Das sozialwissenschaftliche Verstehen bei Dilthey und Max Weber (Duncker & Humblot; read via summary only); SEP “Max Weber” §2.1; the line is asserted in Randall Collins’s critique, no accessible source states it plainly
依据: AI 草稿
马克斯·韦伯 › 1864–1920
何塞·奥尔特加·伊·加塞特
影响了
In ‘Wilhelm Dilthey and the Idea of Life’ (1933–34) Ortega found in Dilthey’s historical understanding of life a confirmation of his vital reason, which he had reached independently. J. Ortega y Gasset, “Guillermo Dilthey y la idea de la vida” (1933–34); SEP “José Ortega y Gasset”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
何塞·奥尔特加·伊·加塞特 › 1883–1955
格奥尔格·卢卡奇
影响了
In his 1962 preface to The Theory of the Novel (1916) Lukács traced its method to Dilthey’s Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung (1905) and the Geisteswissenschaften. G. Lukács, Die Theorie des Romans (1916; book 1920), preface (1962); W. Dilthey, Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung (1905)
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·卢卡奇 › 1885–1971
马丁·海德格尔
影响了 ✓
Heidegger took up Dilthey’s question of the historicity of life (Kassel lectures, 1925) and, via the Dilthey–Yorck letters, made historicality a structure of Dasein (Being and Time, 1927). M. Heidegger, “Wilhelm Diltheys Forschungsarbeit und der gegenwärtige Kampf um eine historische Weltanschauung” (Kassel lectures 1925; publ. 1992–93); Sein und Zeit (1927); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
马丁·海德格尔 › 1889–1976
卡尔·曼海姆
影响了
Mannheim took up Dilthey’s theory of world views and of understanding to distinguish objective, expressive and documentary meaning (‘Beiträge zur Theorie der Weltanschauungs-Interpretation’, 1921–22). K. Mannheim, “Beiträge zur Theorie der Weltanschauungs-Interpretation”, Jahrbuch für Kunstgeschichte 1 (1921–22); D. Kettler, V. Meja and N. Stehr, Karl Mannheim (1984); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·曼海姆 › 1893–1947
显示全部 (8)收起
恩斯特·特勒尔奇
影响了 存在争议
Troeltsch tried to join Dilthey’s hermeneutic tradition with the neo-Kantian methodology of Windelband and Rickert, and is reported to have dedicated his last book to Dilthey and Windelband; the dedication was not checked in the book. Article “Para além do neokantismo: o conceito de ciências ético-históricas em Ernst Troeltsch” (revistas.ufg.br/teoria/article/view/44811), read via summary; dedication not checked in the book
依据: AI 草稿
恩斯特·特勒尔奇 › 1865–1923
马丁·布伯 教过
教过
Buber attended Dilthey’s lectures, as well as Simmel’s, during his semesters at the University of Berlin; his doctorate (Vienna, 1904) was taken elsewhere. The SEP calls Dilthey Buber’s teacher. SEP “Martin Buber”; M. Friedman, Martin Buber’s Life and Work: The Early Years (1981)
依据: AI 草稿
马丁·布伯 › 1878–1965
批评
相互批评 1
威廉·文德尔班 ⇄ 相互
批评了
Dilthey replied that many natural sciences have idiographic parts and many human sciences nomothetic aims, so Windelband’s division does not hold. SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey” (R. Makkreel), §2.2
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
In his Strasbourg rector’s address of 1894 Windelband rejected Dilthey’s way of marking off the human sciences by a distinct kind of experience and by descriptive psychology. SEP “Wilhelm Windelband” (K. Kinzel), §5; SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey” (R. Makkreel), §2.2
依据: AI 草稿
威廉·文德尔班 › 1848–1915
受批评于 3
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔
受其批评
Husserl’s ‘Philosophy as Rigorous Science’ (1911) attacked historicism and worldview philosophy as leading to sceptical relativism; Dilthey felt targeted, and the two exchanged letters. E. Husserl, “Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft”, Logos 1 (1911); Dilthey–Husserl correspondence, June–July 1911; SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
依据: AI 草稿
埃德蒙德·胡塞尔 › 1859–1938
海因里希·李凯尔特
受其批评
Rickert objected to Dilthey that psychology cannot ground the human sciences and that re-living past experience would not amount to understanding it, holding that the logical structure of historical science fixes its object. SEP “Heinrich Rickert” (A. Staiti, L. Oliva), §3
依据: AI 草稿
海因里希·李凯尔特 › 1863–1936
汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔 影响了
影响了 ✓
Gadamer took up Dilthey’s question of how the human sciences understand historical life and analysed his concepts of lived experience (Erlebnis) and expression (Truth and Method, 1960). H.-G. Gadamer, Wahrheit und Methode (1960); W. Dilthey, Der Aufbau der geschichtlichen Welt in den Geisteswissenschaften (1910); SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
受其批评
Gadamer argued that Dilthey remained caught in the aporias of historicism, modelling the human sciences on the natural sciences’ ideal of objectivity (Truth and Method, 1960, part II). H.-G. Gadamer, Wahrheit und Methode (1960), part II, section I.2 (“Diltheys Verstrickung in die Aporien des Historismus”)
依据: AI 草稿
汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔 › 1900–2002
批评了 2
奥古斯特·孔德
批评了
Dilthey rejected Comte’s sociology as a naturalistic metaphysics of history that forces the human sciences into the methods of natural science (Introduction to the Human Sciences, 1883). W. Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (1883), Book I; SEP “Wilhelm Dilthey”
依据: AI 草稿
奥古斯特·孔德 › 1798–1857
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔
批评了
Dilthey rejected the claim of Mill’s Logic (1843, Book VI) that the moral sciences must borrow the methods of the natural sciences, setting understanding (Verstehen) against explanation. W. Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (1883), Preface; Ideen über eine beschreibende und zergliedernde Psychologie (1894); J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), Book VI
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 › 1806–1873
作品
- 1883精神科学引论
理解是历史世界的方法。
立场
Dilthey asked what makes the humanities – history, literature, law, religion – genuine knowledge, without borrowing the methods of physics. His answer: “We explain nature, but we understand mental life.” Human expressions such as texts, works and institutions are objectifications of lived experience, and we understand them by re-living their meaning from within. Life itself, historical and finite, is the ultimate ground of thought; there is no standpoint above history. This made him a founder of the philosophy of life and of modern hermeneutics, and shaped Husserl, Heidegger, Gadamer and the sociology of Max Weber, though it also raised the problem of historical relativism.
生平与背景
The son of a Reformed pastor near Wiesbaden, Dilthey studied theology and philosophy in Heidelberg and Berlin and made his name with a biography of Schleiermacher. After professorships in Basel, Kiel and Breslau he held the Berlin chair from 1882. Many of his projects remained unfinished; his influence spread largely through his students and posthumous editions.
其他主要作品
- Life of Schleiermacher (1870)
- Introduction to the Human Sciences (1883)
- Ideas Concerning a Descriptive and Analytic Psychology (1894)
- The Formation of the Historical World in the Human Sciences (1910)
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