保罗·费耶阿本德

Agora

保罗·费耶阿本德

1924–1994

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

没有单一的科学方法：重大的进步都打破了公认的规则，所以唯一始终成立的规则是带着反讽意味的“怎么都行”。

定位

分析哲学 · 西欧 · 科学

《反对方法》（1975年）：没有任何方法规则是毫无例外成立的——唯一剩下的是带讽刺意味的“怎么都行”；他称此为认识论的无政府主义。

核心思想

怎么都行
方法论多元主义

老师: 卡尔·波普尔

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影响

受影响于 3

约翰·斯图尔特·密尔

受其影响
Feyerabend grounded his principle of proliferation – develop rival theories to test accepted ones – in Mill’s defence of free discussion in On Liberty (Against Method, 1975). P. K. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 › 1806–1873
路德维希·维特根斯坦

受其影响
Feyerabend, who had planned to study with Wittgenstein in Cambridge, gave an early long account of the Philosophical Investigations (‘Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations’, 1955). P. K. Feyerabend, “Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations”, Philosophical Review 64 (1955); Killing Time (1995); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
路德维希·维特根斯坦 › 1889–1951
托马斯·S. 库恩

受其影响
At Berkeley Feyerabend commented on Kuhn’s draft of Structure (letters, 1960–61); both introduced ‘incommensurability’ in 1962, and Feyerabend later criticised Kuhn’s normal science (‘Consolations for the Specialist’, 1970). P. Hoyningen-Huene (ed.), “Two Letters of Paul Feyerabend to Thomas S. Kuhn on a Draft of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 26 (1995); P. K. Feyerabend, “Explanation, Reduction and Empiricism” (1962); “Consolations for the Specialist” (1970); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
托马斯·S. 库恩 › 1922–1996

批评

批评了 2

卡尔·波普尔师从

师从 ✓
Feyerabend came to the London School of Economics in 1952–53 on a British Council scholarship to study with Popper – he had hoped to work with Wittgenstein, who died in 1951 – and defended Popper’s views for some years before turning against them. P. Feyerabend, Killing Time (1995)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
批评了
Feyerabend argued that Popper’s falsificationism, applied strictly, would have wiped out science, since every theory conflicts with some known facts (Against Method, 1975, ch. 5). P. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975), ch. 5; “Consolations for the Specialist”, in I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (1970)
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·波普尔 › 1902–1994
伊姆雷·拉卡托斯受其影响

受其影响 ✓
Feyerabend dedicated Against Method (1975) to Lakatos, ‘friend and fellow-anarchist’, as his half of a planned joint debate book, For and Against Method (publ. 1999). P. K. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975); I. Lakatos and P. K. Feyerabend, For and Against Method (ed. M. Motterlini, 1999); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
批评了
Feyerabend argued that Lakatos’s methodology of research programmes is ‘anarchism in disguise’, since it gives no rule for when a degenerating programme must be abandoned (Against Method, 1975). P. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975), ch. 16 (the book is dedicated to Lakatos); I. Lakatos & P. Feyerabend, For and Against Method (1999)
依据: AI 草稿
伊姆雷·拉卡托斯 › 1922–1974

作品

1975反对方法
怎么都行：科学是一项无政府主义的事业。

立场

Feyerabend started as a Popperian and became the most provocative critic of scientific method. Studying episodes like Galileo’s defence of Copernicus, he argued that great scientific advances often succeeded precisely because researchers broke the rules philosophers had laid down for them. There is no single method that guarantees progress; if any principle holds in all circumstances it is the deliberately ironic “anything goes.” This epistemological anarchism was meant less as chaos than as a plea for pluralism: competing theories, traditions and ways of life should keep each other honest. Feyerabend also demanded that democratic societies should not leave the authority of science unchecked. His writings remain a challenge to every claim of methodological monopoly.

生平与背景

Feyerabend was born in Vienna in 1924 and was badly wounded as a soldier in the Second World War. After studies in Vienna, where he also pursued singing and theatre, he went to London to work with Popper. From 1958 he taught at Berkeley for more than three decades, later also at ETH Zurich. He wrote a frank autobiography, Killing Time, shortly before his death.