Agora思想的公共广场

以赛亚·伯林

1909–1997

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

不受干涉和做自己的主人是两种不同的自由，而后者可能被扭曲为强迫人们自由；好的价值确实可能相互冲突。

定位

政治哲学与伦理学（20—21世纪） · 北欧 · 政治与法, 伦理学, 社会与历史

生于里加的牛津观念史学家：消极自由（免于干涉的自由）必须与积极自由（自我主宰）区分开来，后者可能被转变为强制的许可证；人类的价值是多元的，并且可能真实地冲突。

核心思想

  • 两种自由概念
  • 价值多元论
  • 刺猬与狐狸
  • 反启蒙

学生: 查尔斯·泰勒

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影响

受影响于 4

  • 詹巴蒂斯塔·维柯

    受其影响

    Berlin read Vico as the discoverer of a distinct kind of historical understanding: knowing from within what humans themselves have made (Vico and Herder, 1976). I. Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976); G. Vico, Scienza nuova (1725; 1744)

    依据: AI 草稿

    詹巴蒂斯塔·维柯 › 1668–1744

  • 约翰·哥特弗里德·赫尔德

    受其影响

    Berlin read Herder as a founder of cultural pluralism and expressionism, for whom each culture has its own centre of gravity (Vico and Herder, 1976). I. Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976); Three Critics of the Enlightenment (2000)

    依据: AI 草稿

    约翰·哥特弗里德·赫尔德 › 1744–1803

  • 约翰·斯图尔特·密尔

    受其影响

    Berlin read Mill as a defender of negative liberty and human diversity whose liberalism went beyond his utilitarianism (‘John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life’, 1959). I. Berlin, “John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life” (1959), in Four Essays on Liberty (1969)

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 › 1806–1873

  • 亚历山大·赫尔岑

    受其影响

    Berlin presented Herzen as a forerunner of pluralism who refused to sacrifice living people to historical abstractions (‘Herzen and Bakunin on Individual Liberty’, 1955; Russian Thinkers, 1978). I. Berlin, “Herzen and Bakunin on Individual Liberty” (1955); “Alexander Herzen” (1956); Russian Thinkers (1978)

    依据: AI 草稿

    亚历山大·赫尔岑 › 1812–1870

影响了 1

  • 约翰·罗尔斯

    影响了

    Rawls attended Berlin’s seminars in Oxford (1952–53) and later adopted his view that no social world can realise all values without loss (Political Liberalism, 1993). J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (1993); I. Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958); T. Pogge, John Rawls: His Life and Theory of Justice (2007)

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    约翰·罗尔斯 › 1921–2002

批评

受批评于 1

  • 查尔斯·泰勒 教过

    教过

    Taylor wrote his Oxford DPhil (1961) under Isaiah Berlin’s supervision; it became The Explanation of Behaviour (1964). He later contributed ‘What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty’ (1979) to Berlin’s Festschrift. R. Abbey, Charles Taylor (2000); C. Taylor, The Explanation of Behaviour (1964)

    依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO

    受其批评

    Taylor argued against Berlin that freedom is not an ‘opportunity concept’ but an ‘exercise concept’ requiring us to discriminate among our motivations (‘What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty’, 1979). C. Taylor, “What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty”, in A. Ryan (ed.), The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin (1979)

    依据: AI 草稿

    查尔斯·泰勒 › 1931年生

批评了 4

  • 让-雅克·卢梭

    批评了

    Berlin saw in Rousseau’s general will, which can ‘force’ a citizen ‘to be free’, a source of positive liberty turned into coercion (Freedom and Its Betrayal, 1952). I. Berlin, Freedom and Its Betrayal (BBC lectures 1952; publ. 2002); J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), I.7

    依据: AI 草稿

    让-雅克·卢梭 › 1712–1778

  • 约翰·哥特利布·费希特

    批评了

    Berlin counted Fichte among the ‘enemies of human liberty’: his true self, merged with the nation, made positive liberty a licence for coercion (Freedom and Its Betrayal, 1952). I. Berlin, Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty (BBC lectures 1952; publ. 2002); “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958)

    依据: AI 草稿

    约翰·哥特利布·费希特 › 1762–1814

  • 格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔

    批评了

    Berlin held that Hegel’s identification of freedom with understanding rational necessity, embodied in the state, turned positive liberty into a justification of coercion (‘Two Concepts of Liberty’, 1958). I. Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958); Freedom and Its Betrayal (BBC lectures 1952; publ. 2002)

    依据: AI 草稿

    格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831

  • 卡尔·马克思

    批评了

    Berlin rejected the historical determinism he found in Marx, which dissolves individual choice and responsibility into impersonal historical forces (‘Historical Inevitability’, 1954). I. Berlin, Historical Inevitability (Auguste Comte Memorial Lecture, 1954); Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (1939)

    依据: AI 草稿

    卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883

作品

  • 1953刺猬与狐狸

    关于托尔斯泰历史观的文章：狐狸知道很多事，刺猬知道一件大事——托尔斯泰是一只想成为刺猬的狐狸。

  • 1958两种自由概念

    牛津大学就职演讲：消极自由是免于干涉的自由，积极自由是自我主导——以及后者如何能为强制辩护。

立场

Berlin began among the Oxford philosophers of language and turned to the history of ideas. His biography of Karl Marx (1939) was followed by essays on Russian thinkers, on the Enlightenment and on its critics – Vico, Herder, Hamann and de Maistre, whom he called the Counter-Enlightenment. “Historical Inevitability” (1954) attacked theories of history that excuse individuals from responsibility. His Oxford inaugural lecture, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958), distinguished negative liberty, the area within which a person is left alone by others, from positive liberty, being one’s own master. He argued that the second idea, through talk of a “true” or “higher” self, has repeatedly been used to justify coercing people for their own good, and he traced this in Rousseau, Fichte, Hegel and Marx. Behind this stood his value pluralism: human values such as liberty, equality, justice and mercy are many, are not reducible to one another and can genuinely conflict, so that no political order can realise them all. Charles Taylor, whom he supervised, criticised his defence of negative liberty, and others questioned whether value pluralism supports liberalism at all. The Hedgehog and the Fox (1953), an essay on Tolstoy, made his distinction between thinkers with one system and thinkers of many things widely known.

生平与背景

Isaiah Berlin was born in 1909 in Riga into a Russian-Jewish family of timber merchants. As a child he saw the revolutions of 1917 in Petrograd; the family left in 1920 and settled in Britain in 1921. He studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and in 1932 was elected to a prize fellowship at All Souls. During the war he worked for British Information Services in New York and at the embassy in Washington, whose weekly political reports he drafted, and in 1945 he met the poet Anna Akhmatova in Leningrad. From 1957 to 1967 he was Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory, and he was the founding president of Wolfson College, Oxford. He was knighted in 1957, received the Order of Merit in 1971 and died in Oxford in 1997.

其他主要作品

  • Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (1939)
  • The Hedgehog and the Fox (1953)
  • Historical Inevitability (1954)
  • Two Concepts of Liberty (1958)
  • Vico and Herder (1976)
  • Russian Thinkers (1978)
  • The Crooked Timber of Humanity (1990)

来源: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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