亨利·西季威克
从宇宙的观点来看，每个人的幸福都同等重要——但理性无法证明私利应当让位于它。
定位
《伦理学方法》系统地比较了利己主义、直觉主义和功利主义；是通向摩尔、罗尔斯和帕菲特的桥梁。
核心思想
- 宇宙的观点
- 实践理性的二元论
影响
受影响于 3
伊曼努尔·康德
受其影响
In The Methods of Ethics (1874) Sidgwick accepted Kant’s universalisability principle as a self-evident axiom of justice, holding that alone it cannot settle what we ought to do. H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); “The Kantian Conception of Free Will”, Mind (1888); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
杰里米·边沁
受其影响
Sidgwick took Bentham’s utilitarianism, with its impartial count of everyone’s happiness, as one of the three methods he examined in The Methods of Ethics (1874). H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); Outlines of the History of Ethics (1886); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
杰里米·边沁 › 1748–1832
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔
受其影响
In the autobiographical preface to The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901) Sidgwick recalled how Mill’s utilitarianism relieved him of arbitrary moral rules, though he doubted Mill’s proof. H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901), preface; SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 › 1806–1873
影响了 4
G. E. 摩尔
影响了
Moore credited Sidgwick, his Cambridge teacher, with seeing that the basic ethical notion is indefinable, and argued at length with the Methods of Ethics in Principia Ethica (1903). G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica (1903); H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”; SEP “Moore’s Moral Philosophy”
依据: AI 草稿
G. E. 摩尔 › 1873–1958
J. J. C. 斯马特
影响了
Smart rested his act utilitarianism on an ultimate attitude of generalised benevolence, close to Sidgwick’s axiom of benevolence (‘An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics’, 1961). J. J. C. Smart, An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics (1961); J. J. C. Smart and B. Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (1973); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
依据: AI 草稿
J. J. C. 斯马特 › 1920–2012
德里克·帕菲特
影响了
Parfit took up Sidgwick’s ‘dualism of practical reason’ between egoism and impartial benevolence and sought to resolve it (Reasons and Persons, 1984; On What Matters, 2011). D. Parfit, Reasons and Persons (1984); On What Matters (2011); H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
依据: AI 草稿
德里克·帕菲特 › 1942–2017
彼得·辛格
影响了
With de Lazari-Radek, Singer defended Sidgwick’s utilitarianism, his ‘point of view of the universe’ and intuitionist method, and argued the dualism of practical reason can be resolved (2014). K. de Lazari-Radek and P. Singer, The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics (2014); SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
彼得·辛格 › 1946年生
批评
受批评于 2
G. E. M. 安斯康姆
受其批评
Anscombe faulted Sidgwick for denying any moral difference between intended and foreseen consequences, the step that opened the way to what she named ‘consequentialism’ (‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, 1958). G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958), 1–19; H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (1874)
依据: AI 草稿
G. E. M. 安斯康姆 › 1919–2001
约翰·罗尔斯 影响了
影响了
Rawls modelled his comparison of moral conceptions on Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics (A Theory of Justice, 1971) and wrote a foreword to its 1981 reissue. J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971); foreword to H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (1981)
依据: AI 草稿
受其批评
Rawls took Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics as the classic statement of utilitarianism, whose impartial sympathetic spectator merges all persons into one (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), §§ 5, 30; foreword to H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, 7th ed. (1981)
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·罗尔斯 › 1921–2002
作品
- 1874伦理学方法
利己主义、直觉主义、功利主义——系统的比较。
立场
Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics examines with great care the three main ways in which we decide what we ought to do: egoism, intuitionism and utilitarianism. He found that our considered moral intuitions, properly refined, support utilitarianism, and that reason recognises self-evident axioms such as impartiality – the good of one person counts no more, from “the point of view of the universe”, than that of another. Yet he could not refute egoism, and saw a “dualism of practical reason” between self-interest and universal benevolence. His careful method of weighing intuitions made him a direct ancestor of Moore, Rawls, Parfit and Singer.
生平与背景
Born in Skipton, Yorkshire, in 1838, Henry Sidgwick studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and taught there. In 1869 he resigned his fellowship because he could no longer affirm the Anglican articles of faith. In 1883 he became Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy. He helped found Newnham College for women and co-founded the Society for Psychical Research. He died in 1900.
其他主要作品
- The Methods of Ethics (1874)
- Principles of Political Economy (1883)
- Outlines of the History of Ethics (1886)
- The Elements of Politics (1891)
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