جون ستيوارت مل
يرى مل أنّه ينبغي أن يكون الناس أحرارًا في فعل كل ما لا يضر الآخرين – وأنّ أفضل الأفعال هي ما يزيد السعادة، وأنّ اللذات العليا أرجح.
التموضع
هذّب النفعية ودافع عن الحرية الفردية بمبدأ الضرر.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- مبدأ الضرر
- اللذات النوعية
- المساواة في الحقوق
الأساتذة: جيرمي بنثام
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 5
أفلاطون
تأثّر بـ
Mill translated several of Plato’s dialogues (1834–35) and called the Socratic method of the dialogues unsurpassed as a discipline for correcting errors (Autobiography, 1873). J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873), ch. 1; translations of Platonic dialogues in the Monthly Repository (1834–35)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
أفلاطون › 428–348 ق.م
جيرمي بنثام تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على ✓
Mill was taught by his father James Mill, not by Bentham, but grew up in Bentham’s circle; he called his reading of Bentham’s Traités de législation (ed. Dumont) in 1821–22 an epoch in his life and in 1825–27 edited Bentham’s Rationale of Judicial Evidence. A mentorship rather than formal teaching. J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873), chs. 3–4
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
جيرمي بنثام › 1748–1832
أوغست كونت
تأثّر بـ
Mill took up Comte’s positive method and law of three stages in A System of Logic (1843); Auguste Comte and Positivism (1865) rejected the later system as despotic. J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843); Auguste Comte and Positivism (1865); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
أوغست كونت › 1798–1857
ألكسيس دو توكفيل
تأثّر بـ
Mill reviewed both volumes of Democracy in America (1835, 1840) and took up Tocqueville’s ‘tyranny of the majority’ in On Liberty (1859). J. S. Mill, reviews of De la démocratie en Amérique, London and Westminster Review (1835), Edinburgh Review (1840); On Liberty (1859); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
ألكسيس دو توكفيل › 1805–1859
هارييت تايلور مل أثّر في
تأثّر بـ
Mill’s Autobiography (1873) calls Taylor Mill co-author of On Liberty (1859) and source of the social ideas of the Political Economy; the extent of her share is disputed. J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873); On Liberty (1859); Principles of Political Economy (1848); SEP “Harriet Taylor Mill”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أثّر في
From 1830 Taylor Mill worked out her views in exchange with Mill, beginning with their essays on marriage and divorce (c. 1832); her ‘Enfranchisement of Women’ followed (1851). J. S. Mill and H. Taylor, essays on marriage and divorce (c. 1832), in F. A. Hayek, John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor (1951); H. Taylor Mill, “Enfranchisement of Women”, Westminster Review (1851); SEP “Harriet Taylor Mill”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هارييت تايلور مل › 1807–1858
أثّر في 13
هنري سيدجويك
أثّر في
In the autobiographical preface to The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901) Sidgwick recalled how Mill’s utilitarianism relieved him of arbitrary moral rules, though he doubted Mill’s proof. H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (6th ed., 1901), preface; SEP “Henry Sidgwick”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هنري سيدجويك › 1838–1900
ويليام جيمس
أثّر في
James dedicated Pragmatism (1907) to the memory of Mill, from whom he had ‘first learned the pragmatic openness of mind’. W. James, Pragmatism (1907), dedication; SEP “William James”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
ويليام جيمس › 1842–1910
بيرتراند راسل
أثّر في ✓
Russell, Mill’s lay godson, gave up the first-cause argument on reading Mill’s Autobiography, as he recalled in 1927, and honoured him in a British Academy lecture (1955). B. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian” (1927); “John Stuart Mill”, Proceedings of the British Academy 41 (1955); J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
بيرتراند راسل › 1872–1970
أشعيا برلين
أثّر في
Berlin read Mill as a defender of negative liberty and human diversity whose liberalism went beyond his utilitarianism (‘John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life’, 1959). I. Berlin, “John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life” (1959), in Four Essays on Liberty (1969)
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أشعيا برلين › 1909–1997
بول فايراباند
أثّر في
Feyerabend grounded his principle of proliferation – develop rival theories to test accepted ones – in Mill’s defence of free discussion in On Liberty (Against Method, 1975). P. K. Feyerabend, Against Method (1975); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859); SEP “Paul Feyerabend”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
بول فايراباند › 1924–1994
بيتر سنجر
أثّر في
Singer took up the classical utilitarianism of Bentham, Mill and Sidgwick, judging actions by their consequences for the interests of all affected (Practical Ethics, 1979). P. Singer, Practical Ethics (1979); J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861/63); SEP “John Stuart Mill”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
بيتر سنجر › وُلد 1946
عرض الكل (13)عرض أقل
جورج برانديس
أثّر في
Brandes translated Mill’s The Subjection of Women into Danish (1869), met him in London in 1870, and drew on his liberalism in Main Currents of Nineteenth-Century Literature (1872–90). J. S. Mill, Kvindernes Underkuelse, tr. G. Brandes (1869); G. Brandes, Hovedstrømninger i det 19de Aarhundredes Litteratur (1872–90)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج برانديس › 1842–1927
هارالد هوفدينغ
أثّر في
Høffding’s Ethics (1887) made the welfare of all the measure of morality, after Bentham and Mill, and ‘Democratic Radicalism’ (1889) defended it against Brandes. H. Høffding, Etik (1887); “Demokratisk Radikalisme”, Tilskueren (1889)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هارالد هوفدينغ › 1843–1931
ين فو
أثّر في
Yan Fu translated Mill’s On Liberty (Qunji quanjie lun, 1903) and part of the System of Logic (1905); how faithfully he rendered Mill’s liberty is debated. Yan Fu, Qunji quanjie lun (1903); Mule mingxue (1905); B. Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power (1964); M. K. Huang, The Meaning of Freedom: Yan Fu and the Origins of Chinese Liberalism (2008)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ين فو › 1854–1921
ريتشارد ميرفين هير
أثّر في
Hare linked his two levels of moral thinking – intuitive everyday rules and critical utilitarian reasoning – to Mill’s secondary principles and first principle (Moral Thinking, 1981). R. M. Hare, Moral Thinking: Its Levels, Method, and Point (1981); J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861/63); SEP “Richard Mervyn Hare”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ريتشارد ميرفين هير › 1919–2002
كارول بيتمان
أثّر في
Pateman drew on Mill’s view that taking part in politics educates citizens for her theory of participatory democracy (Participation and Democratic Theory, 1970). C. Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (1970); J. S. Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (1861)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارول بيتمان › وُلد 1940
كوامي أنتوني أبيا
أثّر في
Appiah opened The Ethics of Identity (2005) with Mill’s ideal of individuality from On Liberty and asked how it fits with social identities. K. A. Appiah, The Ethics of Identity (2005); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كوامي أنتوني أبيا › وُلد 1954
إليزابيث إس. أندرسون
أثّر في
Anderson read Mill’s ‘experiments in living’ as a model of how ethical knowledge is gained and revised through experience (‘John Stuart Mill and Experiments in Living’, 1991). E. Anderson, “John Stuart Mill and Experiments in Living”, Ethics 102 (1991); J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إليزابيث إس. أندرسون › وُلد 1959
النقد
انتقده 7
فيلهلم دلتاي
انتقده
Dilthey rejected the claim of Mill’s Logic (1843, Book VI) that the moral sciences must borrow the methods of the natural sciences, setting understanding (Verstehen) against explanation. W. Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (1883), Preface; Ideen über eine beschreibende und zergliedernde Psychologie (1894); J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), Book VI
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فيلهلم دلتاي › 1833–1911
غوتلوب فريغه
انتقده
Frege rejected Mill’s view of numbers as properties of aggregates and of arithmetic as inductive, mocking it as an arithmetic of pebbles and gingerbread (Grundlagen der Arithmetik, 1884, §§ 7–11). G. Frege, Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (1884), §§ 7–11, 23–25; J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), book II, ch. 6
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
غوتلوب فريغه › 1848–1925
إدموند هوسرل
انتقده
In the Prolegomena to the Logical Investigations (1900) Husserl rejected Mill’s psychologism, which treats the laws of logic, including non-contradiction, as empirical generalisations about thinking. E. Husserl, Logische Untersuchungen I: Prolegomena zur reinen Logik (1900), chs. 3–5; SEP “Psychologism”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إدموند هوسرل › 1859–1938
جورج إدوارد مور
انتقده
Moore charged Mill with the naturalistic fallacy for inferring ‘desirable’ from ‘desired’, as if ‘desirable’ meant ‘able to be desired’ like ‘visible’ (Principia Ethica, 1903, §§ 39–40). G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica (1903), ch. III, §§ 39–40; J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861), ch. 4
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج إدوارد مور › 1873–1958
إليزابيث أنسكوم
انتقده
Anscombe held that Mill, like Kant, ignores the need to stipulate which description of an act is relevant, so his principle lacks content (‘Modern Moral Philosophy’, 1958). G. E. M. Anscombe, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy 33 (1958), 1–19
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إليزابيث أنسكوم › 1919–2001
جون رولز
انتقده
Rawls objected that Mill’s utilitarian defence of liberty makes liberties hostage to uncertain calculations; justice as fairness gives them priority (A Theory of Justice, 1971). J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971), § 33; Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy (2007), lectures on Mill
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون رولز › 1921–2002
بيرنارد وليمز
انتقده
Williams’s critique of utilitarianism, aimed chiefly at Smart, extends to Mill’s: it weighs lives impersonally and leaves no place for integrity (Utilitarianism: For and Against, 1973). B. Williams, “A Critique of Utilitarianism”, in J. J. C. Smart & B. Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (1973); Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (1985), chs. 5–6
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيرنارد وليمز › 1929–2003
ينتقد 2
أرسطو
انتقد
Mill dismissed Aristotle’s categories as ‘a mere catalogue’ of everyday distinctions and held that the syllogism, taken as proof, begs the question (A System of Logic, 1843). J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (1843), book I, ch. 3; book II, ch. 3
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
إيمانويل كانط
انتقد
Mill argued that when Kant derives actual duties from the categorical imperative he shows no contradiction, only consequences no one would choose (Utilitarianism, 1861, ch. 1). J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861), ch. 1; ch. 5
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيمانويل كانط › 1724–1804
الأعمال
- 1843نظام المنطق
المنطق الاستقرائي ومنهج العلوم – المنطق بوصفه علم نفس.
- 1859عن الحرية
مبدأ الضرر وطغيان الأغلبية.
- 1863النفعية
أن تكون سقراط غير راضٍ خير من أن تكون أحمق راضيًا.
- 1869استعباد النساء
من أجل المساواة القانونية التامة بين الجنسين.
الموقف
Mill broadened Bentham’s utilitarianism: actions are right as they promote happiness, but pleasures differ in quality – “better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.” In On Liberty he formulated the harm principle: society may restrict an individual’s freedom only to prevent harm to others. He exempted “barbarians” and “backward states of society” from it: despotism, he wrote, is a legitimate mode of government for them, “provided the end be their improvement” – a view shaped by his decades of work for the East India Company. Freedom of thought and discussion, and the cultivation of individuality, are essential to human progress. In The Subjection of Women he argued for the full legal and social equality of women, and in Parliament for women’s suffrage. His System of Logic grounded scientific inference in experience. He is often counted the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century, and On Liberty became a classic of liberalism.
الحياة والسياق
Born in London in 1806, John Stuart Mill was rigorously educated by his father James Mill, learning Greek at three. A mental crisis at twenty taught him the value of feeling and poetry. He worked for the East India Company for 35 years, shared his intellectual life with the writer Harriet Taylor, whom he married in 1851 and whose share in his work he stressed, and served as a Member of Parliament. He died in Avignon in 1873.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- A System of Logic (1843)
- Principles of Political Economy (1848)
- On Liberty (1859)
- Utilitarianism (1863)
- The Subjection of Women (1869)
يرد في
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