بيرتراند راسل
يمكن اشتقاق الرياضيات من المنطق، وتزول الالتباسات الفلسفية متى حلّلنا الصورة المنطقية الكامنة تحت الجمل العادية.
التموضع
المنطقانية ونظرية الأوصاف والذرية المنطقية – ومنوِّر عام مناضل، عارض الحرب العالمية الأولى ثم السلاح النووي.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- مفارقة راسل
- نظرية الأوصاف
- الذرية المنطقية
الأساتذة: ألفريد نورث وايتهيد
التلاميذ: لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 10
أفلاطون
تأثّر بـ
Russell defended universals that subsist independently of minds, calling Plato’s theory of ideas one of the most successful attempts at the problem (The Problems of Philosophy, 1912). B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (1912), ch. 9 (“The World of Universals”)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
أفلاطون › 428–348 ق.م
غوتفريد لايبنتس
تأثّر بـ ✓
Russell argued that Leibniz’s metaphysics follows from a few logical premises, above all the subject–predicate doctrine of propositions (A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, 1900). B. Russell, A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz (1900); SEP “Bertrand Russell”; SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
غوتفريد لايبنتس › 1646–1716
ديفيد هيوم
تأثّر بـ ✓
Russell restated Hume’s problem of induction, holding that the inductive principle can be neither proved nor disproved by experience (The Problems of Philosophy, 1912). B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (1912), “On Induction”; A History of Western Philosophy (1945); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
ديفيد هيوم › 1711–1776
جون ستيوارت مل
تأثّر بـ ✓
Russell, Mill’s lay godson, gave up the first-cause argument on reading Mill’s Autobiography, as he recalled in 1927, and honoured him in a British Academy lecture (1955). B. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian” (1927); “John Stuart Mill”, Proceedings of the British Academy 41 (1955); J. S. Mill, Autobiography (1873); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
جون ستيوارت مل › 1806–1873
جورج كانتور
تأثّر بـ ✓
Russell read Cantor intensively in his youth, and his paradox arose from a study of Cantor’s theorem. SEP “Bertrand Russell” (A. D. Irvine), on the Autobiography; SEP “The Early Development of Set Theory” (J. Ferreirós)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
جورج كانتور › 1845–1918
جورج إدوارد مور
تأثّر بـ ✓
Russell followed Moore’s revolt against idealism, adopting his realism of propositions and concepts (‘The Nature of Judgment’, 1899), as the preface to The Principles of Mathematics (1903) acknowledges. G. E. Moore, “The Nature of Judgment”, Mind 8 (1899); B. Russell, The Principles of Mathematics (1903), preface; My Philosophical Development (1959); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
جورج إدوارد مور › 1873–1958
عرض الكل (10)عرض أقل
لاوتزه
تأثّر بـ
In The Problem of China (1922) Russell took Laozi’s “production without possession, action without self-assertion, development without domination” as the Chinese conception of the ends of life, set against Western possession, self-assertion and domination. B. Russell, The Problem of China (1922), ch. XI “Chinese and Western Civilization Contrasted”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لاوتزه › شخصية أسطورية
هيرمان لوتسي
تأثّر بـ
Early Russell, like early Moore, was shaped by British idealists who had taken over Lotze’s logic and metaphysics. SEP “Hermann Lotze” (D. Sullivan), §2
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هيرمان لوتسي › 1817–1881
جوزيبه بيانو
تأثّر بـ ✓
Russell met Peano at the Paris congress of 1900, and Principia Mathematica adopts Peano’s logical notation. SEP “Bertrand Russell” (A. D. Irvine), chronology; SEP “The Algebra of Logic Tradition” (S. Burris, J. Legris)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
جوزيبه بيانو › 1858–1932
ألفريد نورث وايتهيد تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على ✓
Whitehead examined Russell for his entrance scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1890 and taught him there; the former pupil became his co-author of Principia Mathematica (1910–13). B. Russell, Autobiography I (1967), ch. 3
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ألفريد نورث وايتهيد › 1861–1947
أثّر في 7
سوزان ستيبينغ
أثّر في
Stebbing presented the logic of Principia Mathematica and Russell’s theory of descriptions in A Modern Introduction to Logic (1930), treating Russell as a reference point of Cambridge analysis. L. S. Stebbing, A Modern Introduction to Logic (1930); SEP “Susan Stebbing”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سوزان ستيبينغ › 1885–1943
ستانيسلاف ليشنيفسكي
أثّر في
Leśniewski traced Russell’s paradox to a confusion of distributive and collective classes and built mereology, a theory of collective classes, in response (Podstawy ogólnej teoryi mnogości, 1916). S. Leśniewski, Podstawy ogólnej teoryi mnogości I (1916); SEP “Stanisław Leśniewski”; SEP “Mereology”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ستانيسلاف ليشنيفسكي › 1886–1939
رودولف كارناب
أثّر في
Carnap set Russell’s maxim to replace inferred entities by logical constructions as motto of the Aufbau (1928); reading Our Knowledge of the External World (1914) had launched it. R. Carnap, Der logische Aufbau der Welt (1928); “Intellectual Autobiography”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap (1963); B. Russell, Our Knowledge of the External World (1914); SEP “Rudolf Carnap”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
رودولف كارناب › 1891–1970
ويلارد فان أورمان كواين
أثّر في
Quine generalised Principia Mathematica in his dissertation (1932) and used Russell’s theory of descriptions to dissolve the riddle of non-being (‘On What There Is’, 1948). W. V. Quine, The Logic of Sequences: A Generalization of Principia Mathematica (dissertation 1932; publ. 1990); “On What There Is”, Review of Metaphysics 2 (1948); SEP “Willard Van Orman Quine”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
ويلارد فان أورمان كواين › 1908–2000
ألفرد آير
أثّر في ✓
Ayer named Russell, with Wittgenstein, as source of Language, Truth and Logic (1936) and used his method of logical construction to reduce material things to sense-contents. A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936), preface; Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage (1971); SEP “Alfred Jules Ayer”
ألفرد آير › 1910–1989
آلان تورنغ
أثّر في
Turing studied Russell’s Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy in 1933, according to Hodges, and later adapted Russell’s theory of types (‘Practical Forms of Type Theory’, 1948). A. Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma (1983); A. M. Turing, “Practical Forms of Type Theory”, Journal of Symbolic Logic 13 (1948); B. Russell, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (1919)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
آلان تورنغ › 1912–1954
ديفيد تشالمرز
أثّر في ✓
Chalmers took up Russell’s view that physics reveals only structure, leaving intrinsic natures that may ground consciousness, as ‘Russellian monism’ (‘Consciousness and its Place in Nature’, 2002). D. J. Chalmers, “Consciousness and its Place in Nature” (2002); “Panpsychism and Panprotopsychism”, Amherst Lecture in Philosophy 8 (2013); B. Russell, The Analysis of Matter (1927); SEP “Russellian Monism”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
ديفيد تشالمرز › وُلد 1966
النقد
انتقده 6
سارفيبالي راذاكريشنان
انتقده
A chapter of The Reign of Religion (1920) examines Russell’s new realism – not, Radhakrishnan conceded, shaped by religious bias – and concludes that it is satisfactory only where it departs from its pluralism and “makes friends with absolutism”. S. Radhakrishnan, The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy (1920), ch. XI “The New Realism of Mr. Bertrand Russell”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سارفيبالي راذاكريشنان › 1888–1975
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين علّمتأثّر بـ
علّم ✓
Wittgenstein came to Cambridge in October 1911 to study logic with Russell and in 1912 was admitted to Trinity College as his student; his Notes on Logic (1913) were written for Russell. R. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (1990); B. McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life. Young Ludwig (1988)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تأثّر بـ ✓
Russell said his lectures on logical atomism were largely concerned with explaining ideas he had learnt from his former pupil Wittgenstein (The Philosophy of Logical Atomism, 1918). B. Russell, “The Philosophy of Logical Atomism” (lectures 1918; The Monist 1918–19), preliminary note
انتقده
Wittgenstein objected that Russell’s multiple-relation theory of judgement allows nonsense to be judged (1913), and later rejected his theory of types as superfluous (Tractatus, 1921, 3.331–3.333, 5.5422). L. Wittgenstein to B. Russell, June 1913; Notes on Logic (1913); Tractatus logico-philosophicus (1921), 3.331–3.333, 5.5422
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين › 1889–1951
كورت غودل أثّر في
أثّر في
Gödel took Principia Mathematica as the formal system of his incompleteness theorems (1931) and welcomed Russell’s early realism about classes and concepts (‘Russell’s Mathematical Logic’, 1944). K. Gödel, “Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I”, Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 38 (1931); “Russell’s Mathematical Logic”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell (1944); SEP “Kurt Gödel”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
انتقده
Gödel criticised Russell’s vicious-circle principle and no-class theory as too restrictive for classical mathematics, defending classes and concepts as real objects (‘Russell’s Mathematical Logic’, 1944). K. Gödel, “Russell’s Mathematical Logic”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell (1944), 123–153
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كورت غودل › 1906–1978
ولفريد سيلارز
انتقده
Sellars argued that Russell’s acquaintance either involves concepts or is not knowledge (‘Acquaintance and Description Again’, 1949), later calling such views the ‘Myth of the Given’ (1956). W. Sellars, “Acquaintance and Description Again”, Journal of Philosophy 46 (1949); “Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind” (1956); B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (1912), ch. 5
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ولفريد سيلارز › 1912–1989
بي. إف. ستروسون
انتقده
Strawson objected that Russell’s theory of descriptions confuses sentences with uses: ‘The King of France is bald’ presupposes, not asserts, that a king exists (‘On Referring’, 1950). P. F. Strawson, “On Referring”, Mind 59 (1950), 320–344; Russell’s reply: “Mr. Strawson on Referring”, Mind 66 (1957)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بي. إف. ستروسون › 1919–2006
شاول كريبك
انتقده
Kripke rejected Russell’s view that ordinary names are disguised descriptions: ‘Aristotle’ names Aristotle even in worlds where he did nothing we describe him by (Naming and Necessity, 1972/1980). S. Kripke, Naming and Necessity (1972; 1980), Lectures I–II; B. Russell, “Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description” (1911)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
شاول كريبك › 1940–2022
ينتقد 6
كونفوشيوس
انتقد
In the same book Russell confessed himself “unable to appreciate the merits of Confucius”, whose writings he found largely occupied with trivial points of etiquette, while granting that Confucian ethics had produced no priesthood and no persecution. B. Russell, The Problem of China (1922), ch. XI
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كونفوشيوس › تقليديًا 551–479 ق.م
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل
انتقد
Russell rejected Hegel’s doctrine that only the whole is real: if all relations were internal, nothing could be known without knowing everything (History of Western Philosophy, 1945). B. Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (1945), ch. 22; Our Knowledge of the External World (1914), Lecture II
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل › 1770–1831
ويليام جيمس
انتقد
Russell objected that James’s pragmatist theory confuses a criterion of truth with its meaning: ‘true’ cannot mean ‘useful to believe’ (‘William James’s Conception of Truth’, 1908). B. Russell, “William James’s Conception of Truth” (1908), in Philosophical Essays (1910); W. James, Pragmatism (1907), Lecture VI
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ويليام جيمس › 1842–1910
غوتلوب فريغه تأثّر بـ
تأثّر بـ ✓
Russell recognised Frege’s logicism as close to his own, expounded it in an appendix to The Principles of Mathematics (1903) and continued it in Principia Mathematica (1910–13). B. Russell, The Principles of Mathematics (1903), appendix A; A. N. Whitehead and B. Russell, Principia Mathematica (1910–13); SEP “Bertrand Russell”
انتقد
In a letter of 16 June 1902 Russell showed that Frege’s Basic Law V yields a contradiction; ‘On Denoting’ (1905) rejected Frege’s distinction of sense and reference. B. Russell to G. Frege, 16 June 1902, in J. van Heijenoort (ed.), From Frege to Gödel (1967); “On Denoting”, Mind 14 (1905); G. Frege, Grundgesetze der Arithmetik II (1903), appendix
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
غوتلوب فريغه › 1848–1925
ألكسيوس ماينونج
انتقد
Russell objected that Meinong’s non-existent objects, such as the round square, infringe the law of contradiction, and analysed them away with his theory of descriptions (‘On Denoting’, 1905). B. Russell, “On Denoting”, Mind 14 (1905), 479–493; SEP “Alexius Meinong”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ألكسيوس ماينونج › 1853–1920
هنري برجسون
انتقد
Russell rejected Bergson’s intuition as anti-intellectualism: his attack on the intellect rests on misunderstandings of mathematics and of Zeno’s paradoxes (‘The Philosophy of Bergson’, 1912). B. Russell, “The Philosophy of Bergson”, The Monist 22 (1912), 321–347; A History of Western Philosophy (1945), ch. 28
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هنري برجسون › 1859–1941
الأعمال
- 1905في الدلالة
ملك فرنسا الحالي أصلع – تحليل الأوصاف المحدَّدة.
- 1910مبادئ الرياضيات
الرياضيات مشتقة من المنطق – والقضية التي يترتب عليها أن 1+1=2 لا تأتي إلا عند *54.43، في الصفحة 379 من المجلد الأول.
مسح لاذع لتاريخ الفلسفة كله – مع أحكام ساخرة على هيغل ونيتشه.
الموقف
Russell was a founder of analytic philosophy. He discovered the paradox of the set of all sets that do not contain themselves, which shook the foundations of mathematics, and with Whitehead attempted in Principia Mathematica to derive mathematics from logic. His theory of descriptions showed that sentences such as “The present King of France is bald” can be analysed so that their grammatical form no longer misleads us about what exists. This made logical analysis the central method of philosophy. In epistemology he distinguished knowledge by acquaintance from knowledge by description. Beyond academia he wrote influential books on ethics, religion, politics and the history of philosophy.
الحياة والسياق
Russell, grandson of a British prime minister, was orphaned early and raised by his grandmother. He studied mathematics and philosophy at Trinity College, Cambridge. A pacifist, he lost his lectureship and was imprisoned during the First World War. He wrote prolifically for a wide public, received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950 and campaigned against nuclear weapons into his nineties.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Principles of Mathematics (1903)
- On Denoting (1905)
- Principia Mathematica, with A. N. Whitehead (1910–1913)
- The Problems of Philosophy (1912)
- A History of Western Philosophy (1945)
يرد في
- رحلة «المنعطف اللغوي» · المحطة 2 من 10
- نقاش «ما الوعي؟»
- نقاش «الحرب والسلم: متى يكون استخدام القوة المسلحة مسوَّغًا؟»
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora