ويليام جيمس
الفكرة صادقة إن أفلحت في التجربة، والوعي تيار جارٍ، ولنا الحق في أن نؤمن حيث لا تحسم الأدلة.
التموضع
الصحيح هو ما يثبت نفسه في الممارسة: التجريبية الجذرية و«تيار الوعي».
الأفكار الرئيسة
- تيار الوعي
- إرادة الاعتقاد
- النظرية البراغماتية في الحقيقة
التلاميذ: و. إ. ب. دو بويز
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 7
بليز باسكال
تأثّر بـ ✓
James discussed Pascal’s wager in ‘The Will to Believe’ (1896) and defended the right to believe where evidence cannot settle a live, forced and momentous option. W. James, “The Will to Believe” (1896); SEP “William James”; SEP “Pascal’s Wager”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
بليز باسكال › 1623–1662
رالف والدو إمرسون
تأثّر بـ ✓
James, whose father was Emerson’s friend, spoke at the Emerson centenary in Concord (1903), praising his faith in the worth of each individual’s experience. W. James, “Address at the Emerson Centenary in Concord” (1903), in Memories and Studies (1911); SEP “William James”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
رالف والدو إمرسون › 1803–1882
جون ستيوارت مل
تأثّر بـ
James dedicated Pragmatism (1907) to the memory of Mill, from whom he had ‘first learned the pragmatic openness of mind’. W. James, Pragmatism (1907), dedication; SEP “William James”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جون ستيوارت مل › 1806–1873
تشارلز داروين
تأثّر بـ
James’s Principles of Psychology (1890) treated mind as a function serving the organism’s adaptation, and ‘Great Men and Their Environment’ (1880) applied Darwin’s spontaneous variation to history. W. James, “Great Men and Their Environment” (1880); The Principles of Psychology (1890); SEP “William James”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تشارلز داروين › 1809–1882
تشارلز ساندرز برس
تأثّر بـ
In ‘Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results’ (1898) James credited Peirce’s ‘How to Make Our Ideas Clear’ (1878) with the principle of pragmatism and made it widely known. W. James, “Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results” (1898); C. S. Peirce, “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” (1878); SEP “Pragmatism”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
تشارلز ساندرز برس › 1839–1914
هارالد هوفدينغ
تأثّر بـ
James cited Høffding’s psychology in The Principles of Psychology (1890) and wrote the preface to the English translation of his The Problems of Philosophy (1905). W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890); preface to H. Høffding, The Problems of Philosophy (1905)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هارالد هوفدينغ › 1843–1931
هنري برجسون
تأثّر بـ
In A Pluralistic Universe (1909) James devoted a lecture to Bergson and his critique of intellectualism, taking from him that concepts cut up the continuous flux of experience. W. James, A Pluralistic Universe (1909), “Bergson and His Critique of Intellectualism”; letter to Bergson, 13 June 1907; SEP “William James”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هنري برجسون › 1859–1941
أثّر في 11
جون ديوي
أثّر في
Dewey credited James’s Principles of Psychology (1890), with its biological view of mind, with gradually turning him away from Hegel (‘From Absolutism to Experimentalism’, 1930). J. Dewey, “From Absolutism to Experimentalism” (1930); SEP “John Dewey”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
جون ديوي › 1859–1952
و. إ. ب. دو بويز علّم
علّم ✓
Du Bois studied at Harvard from 1888, took James’s courses and was a guest in his home; he later called James ‘my friend and guide to clear thinking’. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois (1968); Dusk of Dawn (1940)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
و. إ. ب. دو بويز › 1868–1963
كيتارو نيشيدا
أثّر في
Nishida’s An Inquiry into the Good (1911) took up William James’s ‘pure experience’ and made it the sole reality, prior to the distinction of subject and object. Nishida Kitarō, Zen no kenkyū (1911), tr. M. Abe & C. Ives, An Inquiry into the Good (1990); W. James, “A World of Pure Experience” (1904); SEP “Nishida Kitarō”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
كيتارو نيشيدا › 1870–1945
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين
أثّر في
Wittgenstein found James’s Varieties of Religious Experience helpful (letter to Russell, 1912) and used his Principles of Psychology as a foil in the Philosophical Investigations (publ. 1953). L. Wittgenstein, letter to B. Russell (June 1912); Philosophische Untersuchungen (publ. 1953); R. B. Goodman, Wittgenstein and William James (2002); SEP “William James”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين › 1889–1951
هيلاري بوتنام
أثّر في ✓
Putnam took up James’s natural realism about perception and his pragmatism, which joins fallibilism with antiscepticism (‘James’s Theory of Perception’, 1990; Pragmatism: An Open Question, 1995). H. Putnam, “James’s Theory of Perception”, in Realism with a Human Face (1990); Pragmatism: An Open Question (1995); SEP “William James”
هيلاري بوتنام › 1926–2016
ريتشارد رورتي
أثّر في
In Consequences of Pragmatism (1982) Rorty made James’s ‘what is good in the way of belief’ the core of a pragmatism without a theory of truth. R. Rorty, Consequences of Pragmatism (1982), Introduction; W. James, Pragmatism (1907); SEP “Richard Rorty”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
ريتشارد رورتي › 1931–2007
عرض الكل (11)عرض أقل
ألفريد نورث وايتهيد
أثّر في
In Science and the Modern World (1925) Whitehead compared James’s essay ‘Does Consciousness Exist?’ (1904) with Descartes’s Discourse as marking the start of a new philosophical period. A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (1925); W. James, “Does Consciousness Exist?” (1904)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ألفريد نورث وايتهيد › 1861–1947
جورج هربرت ميد
أثّر في
Mead met William James at Harvard in 1887–88 and tutored his son, but did not study with him; his distinction between the “I” and the “me” takes up James’s analysis of the self in The Principles of Psychology (1890). SEP “George Herbert Mead”; W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), ch. 10; G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (1934)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج هربرت ميد › 1863–1931
ألفريد شوتز
أثّر في
Schutz reworked James’s sub-universes of reality into ‘finite provinces of meaning’, with the everyday world of working as paramount reality (‘On Multiple Realities’, 1945). A. Schutz, “On Multiple Realities”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 5 (1945); W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ألفريد شوتز › 1899–1959
إرفنغ غوفمان
أثّر في
Goffman opened Frame Analysis (1974) with James’s question under what circumstances we think things real and his account of the many ‘sub-universes’ of reality. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), “The Perception of Reality”; SEP “William James”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إرفنغ غوفمان › 1922–1982
برونو لاتور
أثّر في
Latour took from James’s radical empiricism the claim that relations are given in experience, a premise of his Enquête sur les modes d’existence (2012). B. Latour, Enquête sur les modes d’existence (2012); W. James, Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
برونو لاتور › 1947–2022
النقد
انتقده 2
بيرتراند راسل
انتقده
Russell objected that James’s pragmatist theory confuses a criterion of truth with its meaning: ‘true’ cannot mean ‘useful to believe’ (‘William James’s Conception of Truth’, 1908). B. Russell, “William James’s Conception of Truth” (1908), in Philosophical Essays (1910); W. James, Pragmatism (1907), Lecture VI
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيرتراند راسل › 1872–1970
سارفيبالي راذاكريشنان
انتقده
In the same book Radhakrishnan criticised pragmatism and James’s “pluralistic universe” as products of religious prejudice interfering with philosophy, whose honest course ends in absolute idealism. S. Radhakrishnan, The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy (1920), preface and chs. VIII–IX
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سارفيبالي راذاكريشنان › 1888–1975
ينتقد 2
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل
انتقد
James rejected Hegel’s monistic absolute, which leaves no room for real plurality and novelty, though he valued Hegel’s vision of dialectical movement (A Pluralistic Universe, 1909). W. James, “On Some Hegelisms” (1882), in The Will to Believe (1897); A Pluralistic Universe (1909), Lecture III; SEP “William James”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج فيلهلم فريدريش هيغل › 1770–1831
سوامي فيفيكاناندا
انتقد
In Pragmatism (1907) James quoted Vivekananda, “the paragon of Vedantist missionaries”, as the voice of absolute monism – emotionally reassuring, but rejected for his pluralism; the Varieties (1902) cite his Raja Yoga on mystical states. W. James, Pragmatism (1907), Lecture IV “The One and the Many”; The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), Lectures XVI–XVII
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سوامي فيفيكاناندا › 1863–1902
الأعمال
- 1890مبادئ علم النفس
تيار الوعي.
الدين مفهومًا بثماره.
اسم جديد لبعض طرق التفكير القديمة: الحقيقة هي ما يثبت صحته في الممارسة.
الموقف
James approached philosophy as a psychologist and a humanist. He described consciousness not as a chain of separate ideas but as a continuous “stream”. His pragmatism holds that the truth of an idea shows itself in its “cash value” – in the difference it makes in experience; true ideas are those we can assimilate, validate and verify. In “The Will to Believe” he defended the right to believe where evidence cannot decide but a choice is unavoidable. The Varieties of Religious Experience judged religion by its fruits in human life. His radical empiricism and pluralism rejected closed systems in favour of an open, unfinished universe.
الحياة والسياق
William James, older brother of the novelist Henry James, grew up between New York and Europe and studied medicine at Harvard. After a deep personal crisis he taught physiology, psychology and philosophy at Harvard. His textbook on psychology made him a founder of the discipline in America, and his lectures made pragmatism famous worldwide.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Principles of Psychology (1890)
- The Will to Believe (1897)
- The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902)
- Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912)
يرد في
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora