ألفريد نورث وايتهيد
العالم لا يتكوّن من أشياء صلبة تدوم بل من أحداث تنشأ وتزول – فالواقع عمليةٌ.
التموضع
عالم رياضيات، شارك راسل في تأليف «مبادئ الرياضيات»، ومنذ 1924 في هارفارد مؤسس فلسفة العملية: الواقع لا يتألف من جواهر باقية بل من أحداث، «مناسبات واقعية» للتجربة.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- فلسفة العملية
- المناسبات الواقعية
- مغالطة التجسيد في غير موضعه
- انقسام الطبيعة
التلاميذ: بيرتراند راسل, سوزان لانغر, ويلارد فان أورمان كواين
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 4
أفلاطون
تأثّر بـ
Whitehead called the European philosophical tradition ‘a series of footnotes to Plato’ (Process and Reality, 1929) and drew on the Timaeus for his cosmology of creative process. A. N. Whitehead, Process and Reality (1929); Adventures of Ideas (1933); SEP “Alfred North Whitehead”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أفلاطون › 428–348 ق.م
ويليام جيمس
تأثّر بـ
In Science and the Modern World (1925) Whitehead compared James’s essay ‘Does Consciousness Exist?’ (1904) with Descartes’s Discourse as marking the start of a new philosophical period. A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (1925); W. James, “Does Consciousness Exist?” (1904)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ويليام جيمس › 1842–1910
هنري برجسون
تأثّر بـ
In Science and the Modern World (1925) Whitehead linked his ‘fallacy of misplaced concreteness’ to Bergson’s protest against the intellect’s spatialisation of nature, while denying it is inevitable. A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (1925); SEP “Alfred North Whitehead”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
هنري برجسون › 1859–1941
جون ديوي
تأثّر بـ
In the preface to Process and Reality (1929) Whitehead acknowledged his debt to Dewey, Bergson and James, seeking to rescue their thought from the charge of anti-intellectualism. A. N. Whitehead, Process and Reality (1929), Preface; “John Dewey and His Influence”, in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of John Dewey (1939)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون ديوي › 1859–1952
أثّر في 6
بيرتراند راسل علّم
علّم ✓
Whitehead examined Russell for his entrance scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1890 and taught him there; the former pupil became his co-author of Principia Mathematica (1910–13). B. Russell, Autobiography I (1967), ch. 3
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيرتراند راسل › 1872–1970
سوزان لانغر علّم
علّم
At Radcliffe Langer studied logic with Henry M. Sheffer and with Whitehead, attending the lectures that became Process and Reality (1929); Whitehead supervised her doctoral thesis (1926) and wrote the introduction to her first book, The Practice of Philosophy (1930). IEP “Langer, Susanne K.”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سوزان لانغر › 1895–1985
ويلارد فان أورمان كواين علّم
علّم
Quine took his PhD at Harvard in 1932, after two years, under Whitehead with The Logic of Sequences, a generalisation of Principia Mathematica. W. V. Quine, The Time of My Life (1985)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ويلارد فان أورمان كواين › 1908–2000
جيل دولوز
أثّر في ✓
In The Fold (1988) Deleuze read Whitehead’s events and prehensions as a successor to Leibniz’s monadology, with chaos, extension and intensity as conditions of the event. G. Deleuze, Le pli. Leibniz et le baroque (1988); A. N. Whitehead, Process and Reality (1929); SEP “Alfred North Whitehead”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
جيل دولوز › 1925–1995
برونو لاتور
أثّر في
Latour took up Whitehead’s critique of the ‘bifurcation of nature’ for his ‘matters of concern’ (What Is the Style of Matters of Concern?, lectures 2005, publ. 2008). B. Latour, What Is the Style of Matters of Concern? Two Lectures in Empirical Philosophy (Spinoza Lectures 2005; publ. 2008); A. N. Whitehead, The Concept of Nature (1920); SEP “Alfred North Whitehead”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
برونو لاتور › 1947–2022
إيزابيل ستينغرز
أثّر في
Stengers read Whitehead’s cosmology as ‘a free and wild creation of concepts’ and took up his refusal of the bifurcation of nature (Penser avec Whitehead, 2002). I. Stengers, Penser avec Whitehead: Une libre et sauvage création de concepts (2002; Eng. Thinking with Whitehead, 2011)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيزابيل ستينغرز › وُلد 1949
الأعمال
- 1910مبادئ الرياضيات
الرياضيات مشتقة من المنطق – والقضية التي يترتب عليها أن 1+1=2 لا تأتي إلا عند *54.43، في الصفحة 379 من المجلد الأول.
محاضرات لويل عن كيف أخذ العلم الحديث تجريداته للواقع الملموس – «مغالطة الملموسية في غير موضعها».
محاضرات غيفورد 1927–28: كوزمولوجيا تأملية يكون فيها العالم عملية من مناسبات التجربة المترابطة.
الموقف
Whitehead’s first philosophy was logic: Principia Mathematica tried to derive mathematics from logic. In London he worked on the concepts of physics and attacked the “bifurcation of nature”, the split between a world of colourless particles and a world of perceived colours and sounds. Science and the Modern World (1925) diagnosed the “fallacy of misplaced concreteness”: modern science mistook its abstractions, such as bits of matter at points in time, for concrete reality. Process and Reality (1929), based on his Gifford Lectures of 1927–28, offered a speculative cosmology. The final constituents of the world are not substances but “actual occasions”, momentary events of experience that take up (“prehend”) earlier occasions and pass into later ones; enduring things are societies of such occasions, and God is both the ground of possibilities and affected by the world. In the preface he named his debt to Bergson, William James and Dewey, and in the book he remarked that European philosophy is “a series of footnotes to Plato”. At Harvard he supervised Quine’s doctorate. His metaphysics has been carried on in process theology, especially by Charles Hartshorne, and was taken up by Deleuze, Isabelle Stengers and Bruno Latour.
الحياة والسياق
Alfred North Whitehead was born in 1861 in Ramsgate, Kent, the son of an Anglican clergyman. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1880 and taught mathematics there for some twenty-five years; among his students was Bertrand Russell. A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898) led to his election to the Royal Society. With Russell he wrote Principia Mathematica (1910–1913). In 1910 he moved to London, where he became professor at Imperial College and turned to the philosophy of science and education; his younger son Eric was killed as a pilot in 1918. In 1924, at the age of 63, he accepted a chair of philosophy at Harvard, where he taught until 1937. He received the Order of Merit in 1945 and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1947.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898)
- Principia Mathematica (with Bertrand Russell, 1910–1913)
- The Concept of Nature (1920)
- Adventures of Ideas (1933)
يرد في
- نقاش «ما الوعي؟»
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