巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎
上帝与自然是同一个东西，一切都出于必然而发生，而自由意味着理解那种必然性，而不是与之对抗。
定位
神即自然：只有唯一的一个实体。自由在于理解万物由之而出的必然性。
核心思想
- 神即自然（Deus sive Natura）
- 一元论
- 自保努力（conatus）
- 思想自由
影响
受影响于 3
哈斯代·克雷斯卡斯
受其影响 ✓
In a letter to Lodewijk Meyer (1663) Spinoza cited ‘Rab Chasdai’ for a proof of God that holds even if the series of causes is infinite. B. Spinoza, letter to L. Meyer (1663); H. Crescas, Or Adonai; SEP “Hasdai Crescas”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
哈斯代·克雷斯卡斯 › 约1340–1411年
尼科洛·马基雅维利
受其影响 ✓
In the Political Treatise (1677) Spinoza called Machiavelli ‘most acute’ and suggested The Prince may have meant to warn a free people against entrusting itself to one ruler. B. Spinoza, Tractatus politicus (1677); SEP “Spinoza’s Political Philosophy”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
尼科洛·马基雅维利 › 1469–1527
托马斯·霍布斯
受其影响 ✓
Spinoza took Hobbes’ thesis that natural right extends as far as power (Theological-Political Treatise, 1670), but kept natural right intact in the civil state (letter to Jelles, 1674). B. Spinoza, Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670); letter to J. Jelles (1674); SEP “Spinoza’s Political Philosophy”
托马斯·霍布斯 › 1588–1679
影响了 20
约翰·哥特利布·费希特
影响了 ✓
Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre (1794) put the absolute I where Spinoza had put substance, and Fichte saw in Spinoza’s system the consistent form of dogmatism. J. G. Fichte, Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre (1794); Erste Einleitung in die Wissenschaftslehre (1797); SEP “Johann Gottlieb Fichte”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
约翰·哥特利布·费希特 › 1762–1814
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
影响了 ✓
Hegel held that thinking must begin with Spinoza’s substance, yet in the Phenomenology (1807) demanded that the true be grasped not only as substance but also as subject. G. W. F. Hegel, Phänomenologie des Geistes (1807), Preface; Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie (1833), “Spinoza”; SEP “Hegel”
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
弗里德里希·威廉·约瑟夫·谢林
影响了 ✓
Schelling told Hegel in 1795 that he had become a Spinozist and presented his identity philosophy in Spinoza’s geometrical manner (Presentation of My System, 1801). F. W. J. Schelling, letter to Hegel, 4 Feb. 1795; Darstellung meines Systems der Philosophie (1801); SEP “Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling”
弗里德里希·威廉·约瑟夫·谢林 › 1775–1854
弗里德里希·尼采
影响了 ✓
In a postcard to Overbeck (1881) Nietzsche hailed Spinoza as his precursor, who like him denied free will, purposes, a moral world order and evil. F. Nietzsche, postcard to F. Overbeck, 30 July 1881; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900
亨利·柏格森
影响了 ✓
In ‘Philosophical Intuition’ (1911) Bergson took Spinoza as his example of a simple intuition behind a complex system, felt beneath the geometrical apparatus of the Ethics. H. Bergson, “L’intuition philosophique” (1911), in La Pensée et le mouvant (1934); SEP “Henri Bergson”
亨利·柏格森 › 1859–1941
路易·阿尔都塞
影响了 ✓
Althusser drew on Spinoza for his concept of structural causality and said of himself and his circle ‘we were Spinozists’ (Elements of Self-Criticism, 1974). L. Althusser, Lire le Capital (1965); Éléments d’autocritique (1974); SEP “Louis Althusser”
路易·阿尔都塞 › 1918–1990
显示全部 (20)收起
约翰·哥特弗里德·赫尔德
影响了 ✓
In God: Some Conversations (1787) Herder defended Spinoza against Jacobi’s charge of atheism, reinterpreting his substance as the primal force active in all things. J. G. Herder, Gott. Einige Gespräche (1787); SEP “Johann Gottfried von Herder”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
约翰·哥特弗里德·赫尔德 › 1744–1803
弗里德里希·施莱尔马赫
影响了
In On Religion (1799) Schleiermacher asked his readers to offer a lock of hair to the shade of ‘the holy, rejected Spinoza’, pervaded by the world-spirit. F. Schleiermacher, Über die Religion. Reden an die Gebildeten unter ihren Verächtern (1799), Second Speech; SEP “Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher”
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·施莱尔马赫 › 1768–1834
弗里德里希·荷尔德林
影响了
In Tübingen Hölderlin made excerpts from Jacobi’s Letters on Spinoza (c. 1790–91), and ‘hen kai pan’, one and all, became a watchword he shared with Hegel. F. Hölderlin, excerpts from F. H. Jacobi, Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen (c. 1790–91); D. Henrich, Der Grund im Bewußtsein (1992)
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·荷尔德林 › 1770–1843
诺瓦利斯
影响了
Novalis called Spinoza ‘a God-intoxicated man’ and in his notebooks (1798–1800) engaged with Spinoza’s identity of God and nature. Novalis, Das allgemeine Brouillon (1798–99); Fragmente und Studien (1799–1800); SEP “Novalis”
依据: AI 草稿
诺瓦利斯 › 1772–1801
路德维希·费尔巴哈
影响了 ✓
In Principles of the Philosophy of the Future (1843) Feuerbach read Spinoza’s identification of God and nature as a step from theism towards materialism, likening him to Moses. L. Feuerbach, Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft (1843); Geschichte der neuern Philosophie von Bacon von Verulam bis Benedict Spinoza (1833); SEP “Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
路德维希·费尔巴哈 › 1804–1872
米格尔·德·乌纳穆诺
影响了
Unamuno built The Tragic Sense of Life (1913) on Spinoza’s conatus, the striving of each thing to persist in its being, read as the hunger for immortality. M. de Unamuno, Del sentimiento trágico de la vida (1913); B. de Spinoza, Ethica (1677), Part III; J. Marías, Miguel de Unamuno (1943)
依据: AI 草稿
米格尔·德·乌纳穆诺 › 1864–1936
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦
影响了 ✓
Einstein said he believed in ‘Spinoza’s God, who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists’, not in a God concerned with human fates and actions (1929). A. Einstein, cable to Rabbi H. Goldstein (24 Apr. 1929); “Religion und Wissenschaft” (1930); M. Jammer, Einstein and Religion (1999)
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 › 1879–1955
列夫·维果茨基
影响了 ✓
Vygotsky turned to Spinoza’s monism against Descartes’ dualism of passions to seek a unified theory of emotions (Učenie ob emocijach, written 1931–33, publ. 1984). L. S. Vygotsky, Učenie ob emocijach (written 1931–33; publ. 1984), Eng. “The Teaching about Emotions” (1999); R. van der Veer and J. Valsiner, Understanding Vygotsky (1991)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
列夫·维果茨基 › 1896–1934
埃里希·弗洛姆
阿恩·奈斯
影响了
Næss read Spinoza’s Ethics as a philosophy of active emotions and self-realisation and made it a main source of his ecosophy (Freedom, Emotion and Self-Subsistence, 1975; 1989). A. Næss, Freedom, Emotion and Self-Subsistence: The Structure of a Central Part of Spinoza’s Ethics (1975); Ecology, Community and Lifestyle (1989)
依据: AI 草稿
阿恩·奈斯 › 1912–2009
吉尔·德勒兹
影响了 ✓
Deleuze read Spinoza as a philosopher of expression and immanence and asked with him what a body can do (Spinoza et le problème de l’expression, 1968). G. Deleuze, Spinoza et le problème de l’expression (1968); Spinoza. Philosophie pratique (1970; 1981); SEP “Gilles Deleuze”; SEP “Baruch Spinoza”
吉尔·德勒兹 › 1925–1995
安东尼奥·奈格里
影响了 ✓
In The Savage Anomaly (1981) Negri read Spinoza as the thinker of potentia, the constitutive power of the multitude, against potestas, the power of constituted order. A. Negri, L’anomalia selvaggia. Saggio su potere e potenza in Baruch Spinoza (1981)
安东尼奥·奈格里 › 1933–2023
哈桑·哈纳菲
影响了
Hanafi translated Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise into Arabic with a long introduction (1971), taking it as a model for historical criticism of sacred texts. H. Hanafi (tr.), Risala fi l-lahut wa-l-siyasa (1971)
依据: AI 草稿
哈桑·哈纳菲 › 1935–2021
维奥拉·科尔多瓦
影响了
In her dissertation The Concept of Monism in Navajo Thought (1992) Cordova compared the Navajo (Diné) concept of Holy Wind with Spinoza’s monism to interpret it. V. F. Cordova, The Concept of Monism in Navajo Thought (PhD diss., University of New Mexico, 1992); J. K. McNeley, Holy Wind in Navajo Philosophy (1981)
依据: AI 草稿
维奥拉·科尔多瓦 › 1937–2002
批评
受批评于 7
安妮·康韦
受其批评
Conway charged that Spinoza confounds God and creatures in one substance, and distinguished three kinds of being: God, Christ and creatures (Principles, 1690, ch. 9). A. Conway, Principia philosophiae antiquissimae et recentissimae (1690), chs. 5–6, 9; SEP “Anne Conway”
依据: AI 草稿
安妮·康韦 › 1631–1679
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 影响了
影响了 ✓
In 1676 Leibniz visited Spinoza in The Hague, showed him a proof that a most perfect being is possible and later annotated the posthumously printed Ethics (1677). G. W. Leibniz, Quod ens perfectissimum existit (The Hague, 1676); M. R. Antognazza, Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography (2009); SEP “Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz”
受其批评
Leibniz rejected Spinoza’s blind necessity, which leaves God neither choice nor goodness (Theodicy, 1710, §173), adding that Spinoza would be right were there no monads. G. W. Leibniz, Essais de Théodicée (1710), §§173–174; letter to Bourguet, Dec. 1714 (GP III 575)
依据: AI 草稿
戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨 › 1646–1716
皮埃尔·培尔
受其批评
Bayle called Spinoza’s single substance ‘the most absurd and monstrous hypothesis’: God would be both the Germans and the Turks killing each other (Dictionnaire, 1697, ‘Spinoza’). P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), art. “Spinoza”, remark N; SEP “Pierre Bayle”
依据: AI 草稿
皮埃尔·培尔 › 1647–1706
约翰·托兰德
受其批评
Toland argued in Letters to Serena (1704, Letter IV) that Spinoza’s system lacks a principle, since it fails to explain motion, which Toland held essential to matter. J. Toland, Letters to Serena (1704), Letters IV–V; S. H. Daniel, John Toland: His Methods, Manners, and Mind (1984)
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·托兰德 › 1670–1722
伊曼努尔·康德
受其批评
Kant objected that Spinoza’s single substance turns the purposive unity of nature into mere inherence and cannot explain purposiveness (Critique of the Power of Judgment, 1790). I. Kant, Kritik der Urteilskraft (1790), §§ 72–73; Was heißt: sich im Denken orientieren? (1786)
依据: AI 草稿
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
摩西·门德尔松 影响了
影响了 ✓
In his Philosophical Dialogues (1755) Mendelssohn praised Spinoza as a forerunner of Leibniz, arguing that Leibniz had found pre-established harmony in his work. M. Mendelssohn, Philosophische Gespräche (1755); SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
受其批评
In Morning Hours (1785) Mendelssohn rejected Spinoza’s pantheism but argued that a ‘purified pantheism’ differs from theism in no point that matters for religion and morals. M. Mendelssohn, Morgenstunden (1785), Lectures XIII–XIV; SEP “Moses Mendelssohn”
依据: AI 草稿
摩西·门德尔松 › 1729–1786
弗里德里希·海因里希·雅各比
受其批评
Jacobi judged Spinozism the only consistent philosophy of demonstration and therefore fatalism and atheism (Letters on Spinoza, 1785; 2nd ed. 1789). F. H. Jacobi, Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen an den Herrn Moses Mendelssohn (1785; 2nd ed. 1789); SEP “Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi”
依据: AI 草稿
弗里德里希·海因里希·雅各比 › 1743–1819
批评了 2
迈蒙尼德 受其影响
受其影响 ✓
Spinoza knew Maimonides’ Guide closely; H. A. Wolfson (1934) traced much of the Ethics’ vocabulary of God and the intellect to it and other medieval Jewish sources. H. A. Wolfson, The Philosophy of Spinoza (1934); SEP “Baruch Spinoza”
批评了
Spinoza rejected Maimonides’ rule that Scripture must be read allegorically wherever it conflicts with reason, which bent the Bible to Aristotle (Theological-Political Treatise, 1670, ch. 7). B. Spinoza, Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670), ch. 7; Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed II.25; SEP “Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise”
依据: AI 草稿
迈蒙尼德 › 1138–1204
勒内·笛卡尔 受其影响
受其影响 ✓
Spinoza’s first published book, Principles of Cartesian Philosophy (1663), set out Descartes’ Principles in geometrical order, with his Metaphysical Thoughts appended. B. Spinoza, Renati Des Cartes Principiorum philosophiae pars I et II, more geometrico demonstratae (1663), with Cogitata metaphysica; SEP “Baruch Spinoza”
批评了
Spinoza called Descartes’ account of the mind steering the body through the pineal gland ‘more occult than any occult quality’ (Ethics, 1677, V, Preface). B. Spinoza, Ethica (1677), V, Praefatio; II P48–49 (against free will); SEP “Baruch Spinoza”
依据: AI 草稿
勒内·笛卡尔 › 1596–1650
作品
- 1670神学政治论
对《圣经》的历史批判，以及为思想自由所作的辩护。
- 1677伦理学（以几何学顺序证明）
定义、公理、命题：上帝即自然，以及通往自由之路。
立场
Spinoza’s Ethics, built like a geometry book, argues that there is only one substance: God or Nature. Mind and matter are not separate things but two attributes of this single reality, and everything follows from it with necessity – there is no free will in the usual sense and no purpose in nature. Every being strives to persist in its existence (conatus). We are unfree when driven by passions we do not understand; freedom is understanding necessity, and the highest happiness is the intellectual love of God. In politics he defended freedom of thought and the historical reading of the Bible. Long condemned as an atheist, he later inspired Goethe, German idealism and Einstein.
生平与背景
Born in Amsterdam in 1632 into a family of Portuguese-Jewish merchants, Spinoza was expelled from the Jewish community in 1656 for his views. He lived modestly in Rijnsburg, Voorburg and The Hague, grinding lenses and corresponding with leading scholars. He declined a professorship in Heidelberg to keep his independence. His Ethics was published only after his death in 1677.
其他主要作品
- Principles of Cartesian Philosophy (1663)
- Theological-Political Treatise (1670)
- Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order (1677)
- Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect (1677)
- Political Treatise (1677)
出现在
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