尼科洛·马基雅维利
在马基雅维利看来，政治有它自己的规则：一个想要保住国家的统治者，必须准备在必要时违背道德行事。
定位
政治遵循它自身的权力逻辑：君主必须学会在必要时能够不善。
核心思想
- 德能（virtù）与命运（Fortuna）
- 政治上的必然（necessità）
- 共和主义
影响
受影响于 1
卢克莱修
受其影响
Machiavelli copied out Lucretius’ De rerum natura by hand in the late 1490s, and some scholars trace Epicurean themes in his view of chance and religion. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ms. Rossi 884; A. Brown, The Return of Lucretius to Renaissance Florence (2010)
依据: AI 草稿
卢克莱修 › 约公元前99—前55年年
影响了 8
托马斯·霍布斯
影响了 存在争议
The link is disputed; it rests on three discourses in Horae Subsecivae (1620), attributed to the young Hobbes by computer analysis, which read Tacitus in a Machiavellian vein. N. B. Reynolds and A. W. Saxonhouse (eds.), Thomas Hobbes: Three Discourses (1995); Horae Subsecivae (1620)
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·霍布斯 › 1588–1679
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎
影响了 ✓
In the Political Treatise (1677) Spinoza called Machiavelli ‘most acute’ and suggested The Prince may have meant to warn a free people against entrusting itself to one ruler. B. Spinoza, Tractatus politicus (1677); SEP “Spinoza’s Political Philosophy”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
巴鲁赫·斯宾诺莎 › 1632–1677
孟德斯鸠
影响了
In Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans (1734) Montesquieu shared Machiavelli’s thesis from the Discourses that internal dissensions helped preserve Roman liberty. Montesquieu, Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence (1734); Dictionnaire Montesquieu (ENS Lyon), “Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains”
依据: AI 草稿
孟德斯鸠 › 1689–1755
让-雅克·卢梭
影响了
In The Social Contract (1762) Rousseau read Machiavelli as a republican who, under the guise of instructing kings, gave peoples great lessons: The Prince is ‘the book of republicans’. J.-J. Rousseau, Du contrat social (1762), “De la monarchie”; SEP “Niccolò Machiavelli”
依据: AI 草稿
让-雅克·卢梭 › 1712–1778
安东尼奥·葛兰西
影响了 ✓
Gramsci read The Prince as a ‘living book’ that personifies a collective will and called the political party the ‘modern Prince’ (Notebook 13, 1932–34). A. Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, Notebook 13 (1932–34), “Noterelle sulla politica del Machiavelli”, ed. V. Gerratana (1975)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
安东尼奥·葛兰西 › 1891–1937
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尤斯图斯·利普修斯
影响了
In Politica IV (1589) Lipsius admitted a ‘mixed prudence’, allowing some deceit in the state’s interest, in explicit dialogue with Machiavelli. J. Lipsius, Politicorum sive civilis doctrinae libri sex (1589), book IV; J. Waszink (ed.), Politica (2004), introduction
依据: AI 草稿
尤斯图斯·利普修斯 › 1547–1606
弗朗西斯·培根
影响了
In The Advancement of Learning (1605) Bacon wrote ‘we are much beholden to Machiavel and others, that write what men do, and not what they ought to do’. F. Bacon, The Advancement of Learning (1605), Book II; SEP “Francis Bacon”
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗西斯·培根 › 1561–1626
批评
受批评于 1
托马索·康帕内拉
受其批评
Campanella charged that Machiavelli’s reason of state makes religion a mere instrument of rule and so leads to atheism (Atheismus triumphatus, Rome 1631). T. Campanella, Atheismus triumphatus, Rome 1631
依据: AI 草稿
托马索·康帕内拉 › 1568–1639
批评了 1
西塞罗
批评了
Machiavelli inverted Cicero’s De officiis: a prince must know how to use the beast as well as the man, both fox and lion (The Prince, 1513). N. Machiavelli, Il Principe (1513), chs. 15–18; Cicero, De officiis I.34, I.41; Q. Skinner, Machiavelli, 1981
依据: AI 草稿
西塞罗 › 公元前106—前43年
作品
立场
Machiavelli looked at politics as it is, not as it ought to be. A ruler who always wants to be good will come to ruin among so many who are not, so he must learn to be “not good” when necessity demands it. Success depends on virtù – energy, skill and decisiveness – in the face of fortuna, the unpredictable force of circumstance. Yet his Discourses on Livy show him as a convinced republican who admired the freedom and civic spirit of ancient Rome and saw conflict between nobles and people as a source of liberty. Because he separated political judgement from conventional morality, he is often regarded as a founder of modern political science.
生平与背景
Born in Florence in 1469, Machiavelli served the Florentine Republic from 1498 as secretary and diplomat, observing kings, popes and Cesare Borgia at close range. When the Medici returned in 1512 he lost his post, was imprisoned and tortured, and withdrew to his farm near San Casciano, where he wrote his major works. He died in Florence in 1527.
其他主要作品
- The Prince (1513)
- Discourses on Livy (c. 1517)
- The Mandrake (c. 1518)
- The Art of War (1521)
- Florentine Histories (1525)
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